TNT Express Scenario Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

TNT Express Scenario - Assignment Example Review the issues involved in the strategic planning process of TNT.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In terms of saving the planet, this will be possible with the recent introduction of less carbon emission engines. As time goes by, more and more companies are coming up with cars that save in terms of fuel and reduce CO2 emissions. There has also been an introduction of electric powered cars; however, they are not fully designed in terms of efficiency as most of them have a problem when it comes to battery power.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   It is possible for them to be a leading company in the freight business as more and more people are now in a position to make purchases through the net and ship to them. They should tap into the upcoming e shops that are established daily and offer cheap but efficient services to its potential customers. They can also talk to the already established e shops to expand its services to them.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In order to gain customers and add value to the business, they need to focus on customer satisfactory first. This is through ensuring that there are no loop holes in the system and have a great 24/7service to all its customers. Updating the customer about his/ her shipment will make them trust you that all is well and you care more about them than the money they bring in.

What is disabled Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

What is disabled - Assignment Example Under ADA, disable may refer to a physical or mental impairment that may have a major effect on the major life activities of an individual (Blanck 17). To this respect, it is worth noting that either those individuals with previous record of such impairment or those regarded as having such impairment are covered. Reasonable accommodation refers any changes made to either a job or any other thing that is done in order to allow an individual with any disability to be able to not only apply for a job, but also enjoy equal access to the various benefits that are available to other employees at the workplace (Blanck 19). The fact that the employee has documentations from his doctor that he is medically obese and the fact that HR has qualified the employee as qualifying for reasonable accommodation under ADA implies that there is no need to get someone else to run warehouse errands for him since he is still able to perform the various essential functions of the job in question. In the case of Maryline, the fact that she has worked with the company for long and that she uses a wheelchair, then the employer’s obligations under title I requires that the employer provide access for an individual employee with a disability to perform the essential functions of his/her job which may include access to a building like in this case. When accommodating employees, it is not required that an employer makes its existing facilities accessible until a particular applicant or an employee needing such accommodation which will thus necessitate modifications that meets the work needs of the affected individual. In general however, it is expected that employers consider initiating changes that enables general accessibility though they are not required to provide access in places or facilities that need not to be used for benefits or activities related to

History Of The Higgs Boson Particle Philosophy Essay

History Of The Higgs Boson Particle Philosophy Essay From a distance, the Higgs Boson particle may seem completely irrelevant and disconnected from the real world, but its actually more integral to life and everything around you, than you may think. Have you ever contemplated why you weigh what you do? Im not alluding to the second doughnut you had this morning, or the ill advised chips on the way home, but rather the fundamental reason as to why the atoms that make up your body and everything else in the world, have a certain mass-If you havent youre not alone-until recently, scientists havent thought about it much either. Before the standard model of particle physics came along, the origin of mass was not even considered a problem; that an object had mass was simply assumed. But when scientists began probing objects at smaller and smaller scales, they discovered that it was not quite as simple as that: according to the standard model, fundamental particles should weigh nothing at all. The standard model describes the behavior and interactions of all of the most fundamental particles we have seen and one other particularly elusive one that, physicists hope, we will see in the near future. The model was developed throughout the 20th century and finalized when the existence of quarks, the particles that make up protons and neutrons, was confirmed in the 1970s. At the time many of the particles predicted by the standard model were yet to be seen. Over the years since then, physicists have ticked these particles off, one by one, like items on a shopping list. Now they are left with just one remaining unfound particle the Higgs boson. The Higgs requires a leap of faith, because so far it is entirely hypothetical. Some physicists are counting on it to help solve the most intractable riddles in their profession. It might, for instance, explain the preponderance of matter over antimatter in the cosmos. Or it might yield a formula that would unite gravity with the three other fundamental forces into a long-sought theory of everything. Above all, the Higgs could be the emissary of a ubiquitous force field that confers mass on matter. It could answer a huge question: Why does matter weigh something instead of nothing? The Higgs was born of wishful thinking. British theoretical physicist Peter Higgs of the University of Edinburgh came up with the idea of the Higgs field and its associated particle the Higgs boson in 1964. The field he proposed extends throughout the universe, and interacts with matter particles in such a way as to give them mass. After an interaction the field leaves behind a telltale sign the Higgs boson. Finding a Higgs boson would prove that the Higgs field exists. The Higgs Field and the Large Electron Positron Physicist Steven Weiberg of the University of Texas and Pakistani theorist Abdus Salam used the higgs concept to bring the theory in line with reality. Weinberg (along with Ian Samples explanation of the Higgs Boson) describes the higgs field like a sea of molasses (or think of it as a massive plate completely filled with sugar grains) that fills all of space. It resists the movement of particles moving at light speed (and constantly crashing against each other), which in turn slows them down and creates a drag-the more a particle interacts with the field the heavier (and slower) it gets- which in turn causes the symmetry of the standard model to be restored because mass is no longer seen as an intrinsic property of matter,i.e all elementary particles weigh nothing until they interact with the higgs field. The reason why the higgs field is such a solid theory is because the variations in the higgs field interactions are the only explanation physicist have for the fact that the heaviest known particle weighs 200,000 times as much as the lightest one, while protons weigh nothing at all. Nobel laureate Leon Lederman wrote in his book (The God Particle, 1993) that The Higgs field, the standard model and our picture of how God made the universe, all depends on finding the Higgs Boson. His book paved the way for the Superconducting Supercollider, the $10 billion accelerator he designed to get the Higgs-due to it being thought of the most massive of all elementary particles the Higgs Boson would show up in only ultrahigh energy collisions-it was to be built, but after the book released the US congress pulled the plug on the project, of course this was the several heartbreaks for Higgs seekers. They came at the Large Electron Positron, or LEP, collider, a 17-mile-long particle smasher on the Franco-Swiss border at the European Center for Nuclear Research, called CERN for short. In August 2000, after a decade of collisions at gradually escalating energies, the collider team saw data that hinted at the presence of the Higgs. We were sure we were going to find the Higgs part icle, says experimental physicist Christopher Tully of Princeton University, who heads the CERN search. It was a very dramatic moment. Unfortunately, the LEP collider was shut down for good in November 2000 to make way for the $2.5 billion Large Hadron Collider. The Large Hadron Collider and 4th of July 2012. The LHC will be supported by 5,000 physicists and 500 research institutes around the world. It will hurl particles with seven times the energy of the Tevatron. The LHC discovery of the Higgs is guaranteed-if it exists, says experimental physicist Suyong Choi of Fermilab. As a recap, we know that the origin of mass occurs at LHC energies. We know this because two fundamental forces, electromagnetism and the weak nuclear force, unify at these energies (see the second heading and the picture here). The reason these forces look different to us in everyday, low-energy, life is that the force-carrying-particles for the weak force (the W and Z) have mass. In the Standard Model of particle physics, this mass can only happen if a certain kind of quantum field fills the universe, and sort of sticks to some particles to give them mass. Inventing a whole-universe-filling-field just to make your maths work is quite extreme. The only way of proving whether youve done the right thing or not, whether the field is real or not, is to make a wave in the field. This wave is, or would be, the Higgs boson. And it has to show up at the LHC or the field is either not there, or very different from what we expected. Nowhere to hide. Anyway, as you heard in Fabiolas talk today, ATLAS has found something. And as you and I heard today, CMS have found the same thing. Now, it looks like the Higgs boson. Or a Higgs boson. But it might not be. It has the right electric charge (i.e. none). It seems to appear about as often as it should in some decay modes. It is definitely a boson. But it is supposed to give mass to all fundamental particles, and we havent seen it do anything with fermions (quarks and leptons) yet, just bosons. What does this all mean for ordinary people? And why should they care? 1) It is the most important scientific discovery of the 21st Century, and on par with Copernicuss discovery that the sun is the center of our solar system. 2) Its likely to have some practical uses that we cant fathom right now, in much the same way as the discovery of the electron enabled every electronic device you use today. 3) We were right. Scientists theorized that a particle like the Higgs boson has to exist. They built a remarkable machine, the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) to find it. And they found it. Which not only allows us to feel good about ourselves as humans, it allows scientists to continue using a model of the universe that theyve been working on for more almost 50 years. In short, scientists dont have to start from scratch. And, this model and the LHC will allow us to explore even more nebulous ideas, such as dark matter. Many people, including Peter Higgs himself, subscribe to the view that science for the sake of understanding the world around us is inherently valuable. If however, you need a more concrete reason to care about the Higgs, allow me to borrow some words from Carl Sagan: everyone you love, everyone you know, everyone you ever heard of, every human being who ever was, lived out their lives on the pale blue dot we know as Earth and none of it would have ever existed without the Higgs boson.

Witness :: essays research papers

Communication is more than just words   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  When one sense is diminished, another is magnified, but can it ever truly be compensated? In some instances, yes however, when addressing the ability to communicate, there are two senses, that when absent hinders the communication process: sight and touch. Communication is more than just words. In an effort to explore this idea further, we will look at the movie â€Å"Witness†.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The movie, starring Harrison Ford and Kelly McGillis, takes place in New England. After losing her husband, Rachel Lapp (McGillis) and her son, Samuel, travel via railway to Baltimore, Maryland to celebrate the birth of Samuel’s cousin. When Samuel goes to the restroom during a delay in Philadelphia, he witnesses the murder of a Narcotics Officer. During the investigation, Detective John Book (Ford), discovers that the murderers are two fellow officers in conspiracy with the Chief of Police. In an effort to protect Samuel Lapp, John finds himself living in the Amish community with Rachel, Samuel, and Eli Lapp, Rachel’s father-in-law.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  When two worlds such as an Amish community and a 20th century metropolis collide, they give textbook examples of different aspects of communication.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  During the first half of the movie, when Rachel and Samuel enter into this unknown society, their reactions are mirrored by society’s reactions to them.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  When Rachel and Samuels board the train, we see Eli Lapp, and friend of the family, Daniel; express their discontentment of Rachel’s decision to venture out into a world filled with â€Å"evil†. While Eli’s expressions are of concern and care, we notice, as Daniel gives Samuel a small wooden toy, his countenance pouring with an alterative motive as he smiles flirtatiously at Rachel.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Next, lets discuss Rachel’s insinuations towards the foreign society. When we see Rachel on Eli’s farm, she seems to be a very devoted Amish woman. This implication remains unchanged, as we see her at the train station in Philadelphia. She is very introverted, as she sits alone on a bench, sewing. She is stiff and apathetic to the world revolving around her and in making no attempt to commune with it, only speaks German to Samuel while in public, succeeding in isolating themselves. She demonstrates great lethargy towards any issue that exists outside her â€Å"realm†. She demonstrates this several times when, while someone talks to her, she stares out the window, making no eye contact and sending a loud and clear message that she does not want to hear what he or she are saying.

Multi-Modal Transport System Effects on Selection of Global Supply

UNIVERSITY OF GLAMORGAN BUSSINESS SCHOOL| Globalization of Logistics and Supply Chain: Selection Of Global Supplier Over Local Impacts On Sustainability of Supply Chain| Key words : Sustainable Supply Chain, Multi- modal/Intra-modal Transport, Transport modes, Logistics, Operations, Sustainability, Triple bottom line| | Aqeel Iqbal| 15-Apr-13|This paper is conceptualizing on combination of transport modes organisation use to maintain sustainability in their supply chain by keeping the carbon foot print to minimum, this paper utilizes desk research to evaluate the impact of this approach on the organisations who prefer global suppliers over local evaluating the trade-offs these organisations need to make in order to maintain an equilibrium of sustainability in their supply chain concluding on the fact that dependent on an organisational willingness to be environmentally sustainable future most practices don’t need a choice of cost over environment but some need sacrifice of at least one to maintain sustainability. | Introduction This research paper is aimed to critically evaluate and answer the research question of: how selection of global over local suppliers affects organisation’s sustainable supply chain strategy while considering the impact of ‘‘multi-modal’/‘intramodal’ choice’ and what trade-offs does these organisations need do in order to achieve this?To answer this research question it is essential to address two wide areas in business literature, gaining an understand of what these areas actually mean to an organisational operational strategy: first being identification of different intramodal/multimodal transport choice used in local and global supply chains; whereas the second to critically evaluate why priority is given by different organisations to select global suppliers over local, while achieving reasoning from prospective of different Industries and organisations within those industries for t he trades-off they are willing to do in order to implement selected means in to practice, while maintaining the sustainability of their supply chain. This paper divided into four nterlinked parts will use desk search to grasp understanding on wide topics of present transportation modes, multi-modal/intramodal transportation system, and sustainability of supply chain (focusing on logistics and operation function) and Impacts of selecting global supply chain; dividing each part by sub-research questions asked to the reader at end of each part; While concluding the paper on the notion that selection of the mode depends on trade-offs an organisations is willing to make between being ecological sustainable to cost and service. Transportation modes at present In the past decades the transportation system has been regarded as a separate function and an additional cost to the organisations supply chain (Huge-Brodin, 2013); which has also often been likened with the objective of cost minimis ation rather than a value adding factor (Cunningham, 1982).However, this long-established concept has been critiqued to be a value added activity in the supply chain from literature of twenty first century (E. Bo and Hammervoll, 2010; Freight best practice, 2013; Huge-Brodin, 2013) based on the emerging demand for advanced logistics services and the globalization trends, demand in cutting of lead period, short product life cycles, and increased technology use and outsourcing trends (Anthony D. Ross, 2012). This notion has lead organisations consider flexible and effective freight flow which can match and fulfil organisation needs dependent on their market and environment (Cunningham, 1982; Murphy and Farris, 1993; Huge-Brodin, 2013).In order to understand how to use the right transportation mode freight movement it is eminent to know different transportation methods used by organisations at present and critically evaluate the advantages and disadvantages of each of them (see Appendi x A & B). (Appendix A&B) does not show one of the major transport mode pipeline mainly because of its use in movement of specific kind of freight like oil and gas thus not firmly a modal choice it has a high initial cost of setup but is full reliable cost effective and environment friendly (CEFIC, 2011; Freight best practice, 2013). There are four major categories of freight transport used presently: inland water and sea, air, pipeline, and land.Whereas most literatures in the past categorised land into sub modes in order to evaluate the effectiveness of them as Road and Rail (Murphy and Farris, 1993; Freight best practice, 2013); thus for the purpose of this paper five inclusive the sub categories will be used. Maria Feo-Valero and her colleagues (Feo-valero, Menendez and hidalgo, 2011) in a review to bibliography has highlighted Freight Value Of Time (FVOT) as a scale for the methods of transport mode selection; based on the rate of substitution between travel cost and time called value of time (VOT) as different modes vary majorly in consciences of amount they carry in given time and the cost to the organisation (Feo-valero, Menendez and hidalgo, 2011) .As different organisations in the same industries have different priories of transport mainly dependent on their locations, sustainability, market share, quantity, size and weight of inventories (Carter and Rogers, 2008; Meixell and Mario, 2008) as an example retail industry consists a combination of deep-sea mode which commute inventories internationally (may contain inventories for various competitors within the same region in a container (Fawcett and Mangan, 2002; Pettit, Liu and Beresford, 2011)) then through either rail or road depended on inventory size, weight, type and location of main warehouse and sustainable practice of the organisation is selected from which may be distributed via road transport either to depot or directly to the retail store (Wu and Dunn, 1995; Huge-Brodin, 2013). The FVOT value has been an important addition to the logistics planning following the concept of cost reduction with less recognition over time but similar frameworks illustrate results which have been used to optimize time and cost of transportation of freight (Murphy and Farris, 1993; Carter and Rogers, 2008).Which lead managers and academics to a conclusion that combination of more than one mode is mostly profitable to organisation (Murphy and Farris, 1993) but depended on type of freight and relative distance but is it that simple in present world? Multimodal/ Intermodal Transportation System Multimodal and intermodal being the two words used in literature with synonymous meaning of: ‘usage of one or more than one mode of transport’ innocently interoperated occasionally. Thus it is important to address this for the purpose of this paper: intra-model transport with only one significant difference to multimodal is that the freight being transported are not handled on every occasion when the mode of transport is changed (Freight best practice, 2013) in opposition to multi-modal where freight are andled each time for example in case of container caring automobile that arrive at deep sea port is opened and cars remove from the container are loaded on a auto-transport trailer to carry by the trailer to showroom (Worthington and Britton, 2006). For the purpose of this paper multi-modal will be used to demonstrate more than one of transport. Multi-modal transportations have answered to the cost reduction of the orthodox literature on reduction of cost and time freight transport: as discussed earlier in the retail example for the ship carrying inventories of different competitors in a shared container reducing cost by sharing of container, and dependent on the agile approach of any of these competitor time frame of getting inventors from deep sea port to stores can be reduced by using road mode rather than rail (Logistcs Cluster, 2011).As the field of transportation evolved â€Å"Deregulation of the rail and trucking industries, implementation of innovative manufacturing strategies such as Just in Time (JIT),increased emphasis on quality management† (Meixell and Mario, 2008) and stakeholder (R. E. Freeman, 1984) consideration have all contributed to cause complexity in transportation selection (Murphy and Farris, 1993) developing the traditional view of just selecting the mode and type of carrier (Meixell and Mario, 2008). In present time logistics/operation manages are bound to understand the Industries challenges faced by the organisation as explained by (Meixell and Mario, 2008) in their paper comparing â€Å"Transportation capacity shortage, and International growth, Economies of scale and scope, Security concerns, Environmental and energy used†.As research carried by (Pettit, Liu and Beresford, 2011) on the extraction and transportation of iron ore from Australia to China utilizing multimodal transportation relied on more co nvectional mode of transport Deeps Sea for country to country transportation but other than that saw were some limitations imposed on multimodal transport options for bulk cargoes. As Iron ore flows are typically as â€Å"high volume – high weight – low value and transhipment is time consuming, energy intensive and expensive† thus minimising the modes of transportation and limiting â€Å"large number of transhipment points†. As the research question point out need to investigate the sustainable options to transport the next parts of the essay will achieve an understanding: Is global multi-modal transportation a sustainable option for an organisations supply chain and what trade-offs are organisations willing to make in order to implement this modal in their supply chain?In order to answer this it is critical to first grasp an understanding of what sustainable supply chain means to an organisation? Sustainability of Supply Chain Shareholder theory stating the organisations primary focus being increasing shareholders wealth (Friedman, 1970) has overly been critiqued by the stakeholder theory over the topic of ill consideration of environmental and social sustainability (R. E. Freeman, 1984; Jensen, 2002; Murphy, 2012). Sustainability as defined by (Worthington and Britton, 2006: 510) â€Å"An approach to economic growth and development which takes account of the social and environmental consequences† also referred to as the triple bottom line approach (Elkington, 1994; Carter and Rogers, 2008; Seuring and Muller, 2008).Supply chains by definition necessitate organisations to work collectively with the purpose of adding value to the customer by physical movement of goods. In present world combination of different supply chains have come together to form a supply web (Poter. M. E, 1985,1996; Handfield and Nichols, 2002). As the research question only relates with the impact of the multi-modal choice impact on the supply chain thu s functions supporting function from Poter’s value chain model are side lined and emphases is given on the inbound/outbound logistics and operations (Poter. M. E, 1985,1996) value chain model (explaining supply chain as a combination of value adding activates within an organisational structure).Inbound/Outbound logistics being one of the most important function of the supply chain (Carter and Rogers, 2008) has been linked to sustainability because of inclusion of one the most costly and environmentally harmful sub-function (transport function) in it (Huge-Brodin, 2013) as according to (CEFIC, 2011) report Transport including freight accounts for 20% of all EU’s green house gas emissions which was projected to raise to 30% by 2020 if precautions are not taken. Sustainability a wide topic in itself has been of great interest to all the stakeholders in present time especially to customers, governments and non-Governmental organisations (NGOs); Pressurising organisations t o operate in environmental and social friendly manner and demanding transparency from organisation supply chains (Carter and Rogers, 2008; CEFIC, 2011; Freight best practice, 2013). This transparency majorly driven y corporate reporting, â€Å"Interoperable software and globalization of supply chains† making it hard and risky for an organisation to do corporate unethical activities (Carter and Rogers, 2008)as: in case logistics external stakeholders are mainly interested in the economical and the environmental impact on sustainability for example raised awareness in sustainability of environment presently as consumers looking at carbon foot print (total amount of carbon emission done in to getting the product to the end user (Freight best practice, 2013))before purchase of a product (Anthony D. Ross, 2012); Carbon footprint is one of most important variable, while calculating environmental sustainability (Anthony D. Ross, 2012; Carter and Rogers, 2008; Feo-valero, Menendez an d hidalgo, 2011).As all three Economical, social and Environmental impacts are considered while making a mode selection, (Carter and Rogers, 2008) drew a wider picture of implications in the their version of triple bottom line(3BL) (see Appendix C)by including the risk management, organisational culture, transparency and organisational strategy as the factors basing the triple bottom line of an organisation. Whereas placing a question mark at being good which relates the social and environmental factors of 3BL following the viewpoint of some scholars like (Walley and Whitehead, 1994) stating â€Å"environmental and social initiatives are costly undertakings† (Carter and Rogers, 2008).In contrast to statement by (Walley and Whitehead, 1994) some logistics and operations functions fall in the category of being sustainable in all forms as resulted in a study done in 1980 on 45 firms in Denmark; results found suggested 20 out of 45 to be cost saving options (Dielman and de Hoo, 1 993) for example: efficient routing of transport, reducing packaging, improving operational order in warehouses and having fuel efficient transportation, (Carter and Rogers, 2008) and reverse logistics for some Industries as the fabricated metal products industry and electric/electronic products industry used as topic of research by (Talbot, Lefebvre and Lefebvre, 2007).According to (Wagner, 2005) In practice, organisation try hard to achieve a win-win situation when considering the economic and the environmental aspect; but when it comes to trade-offs based on the analysis of all there dimension (Seuring and Muller, 2008) have rated the economic dimension of being the most important from the view of the organisation explaining the notion that â€Å"without economic success, there would be no supply chains† whereas trade-offs between environmental and social dimension dictions have not been clear (Wagner, 2005). This now leads to the question of: Are global multi-modal sustai nable and what trade-offs does an organisation need to make while selecting them? Global Supply chain Impacts and Trade-offs Following the challenges faced by the organisations highlighted earlier in the paper by (Meixell and Mario, 2008).As different Industries operate in different ways and organisations within those industries may also differ in operation and strategy example form the fashion retail industry being: Zara fashions, number one fashion retailer of the world benefited with highly agile supply chain function; highly integrated communication and inventory management system (Euromonitor International , 2011) . Where as in comparison its nearest competitor GAP utilizing a more leaner approach to reduce the uncertainty; both organisations being global brands but with different operational strategies and possessing their own comparative advantage within fashion industry.As both these companies source some of their products from global suppliers but because of difference in o rganisational strategies and core competency rely on different sources as Zara with its most of its operations and headquarters in Spain use more European to aid its agile approach with tradeoffs cost to small batches of inventory levels at each store every fourth week (Euromonitor International , 2011; Paloma Diaz Soloaga and Mercedes Monjo, 2010) making Zara environmentally and economical less sustainable to GAP but Zara make that up with local most manufacturing locally in Spain (Euromonitor International , 2011). As the research question converse the notion of impacts of selecting a global supplier over local supplier it is important to address the reasons for selecting one? As some nations are more comparative than other nations as explained by (Porter, 1990) possessing a unique quality that attracts organisations to select global supply chains rather than local mostly looking for economic sustainability (Yip, 1989; Elkington, 1994; Seuring and Muller, 2008).Organisations decid ing to select a global supplier than a local supplier decreases environmental sustainable supply chain but mostly has an opposite impact on economically. Successful businesses respond to both internal and external changes and amend their strategist in the same manner. In order to ain supplies globally even with increased pressure from customer demands of being ‘green’ and highly imposed governmental regulations in most regions around the globe organisation in turn making diction hard for logistics managers to do certain trade-offs to maintain sustainability on ‘cost, quality and service’, while limiting dangerous emissions to atmosphere (IBM, 2008).Managers devising an operational strategy of an organisation analyse cost and profit in perspective of corporate goals and objectives. The main Trade-offs linked to each part of sustainable supply chain as in acquisition of raw materials sourced by inbound logistics, involves purchasing purchase of ‘greenâ €™ raw material may be costly to normal material leaving a trade-off to buy form low cost supplier or environmentally friendly. Organisation indoor to stay sustainable only trade from suppliers that are certified to International Organization of Standardization standards (ISO) has lead organisations dealing in third world countries with less awareness of ISO regulations to find alternative sources of suppliers (Wu and Dunn, 1995; Anthony D. Ross, 2012).The selection of the vendor will also influence the transpiration mode of selection as for example in third world countries there is lack of infrastructure of trains is not of high speed and precise in timing as in European countries which causes delays, unpredictability and also be unsustainable by possessing extra cost and additional CO2 emissions’; where as some don’t have facility of using road rail combination at all, in both cases trucks to transport goods from remote locations of railway station or deep seapor ts may increase the Carbon foot print more than of that of a normal raw marital bought from a local supplier (Wu and Dunn, 1995).Smart Packaging is another part of logistics in which organisation can do trade-off to stay environmentally sustainable as global supplies use containers to send bulk of goods packed together reducing packaging and material handling costs; another way is being minimizing protection packaging can improve space utilization and reduce handling costs (Sony Global, 2012) at each point of transportation reducing carbon footprint. Lean approach within the supply chain makes it environmentally sustainable but adds usage of ware housing costs with storage of goods in oppositions to widely uses JIT approach (smaller regular shipments) (IBM, 2008) as warehousing occupies excess and and generation of excess packaging waste hat can be reduced by using a local supplier as organisations trade-off of selecting a leaner approach while selecting a global supplier being risk of excess inventories stuck with in the warehouse with an unpredictable customer demand (Wu and Dunn, 1995) as demonstrated by Appendix D demonstrating an example of relationship of all variables of trade-off while comparing operational strategies with shipment consolidation used by IBM (IBM, 2008) to explain effects on environment. Reverse logistics have solved this problem of excess cost of packing and return items by the customers to be sent upstream to supplier using standardized renewable packing (Walley and Whitehead, 1994; Wu and Dunn, 1995; Anthony D. Ross, 2012)but when considering a global supplier it will be addition cost of transportation to the organisation using reverse logistics resulting in excess waste creation an unsustainable option (Talbot, Lefebvre and Lefebvre, 2007; Feo-valero, Menendez and hidalgo, 2011).Information and communications (ICT) can also played an important role in sustainable global supply chain substituting Information with inventory levels (Wu and Dunn, 1995) devising the right routs and knowing the exact times inventory arrivals, conciliation of shipments and optimising waste by minimizing large number of suppliers to just few, maximizing truckload in forward and backward supply chain over all removing uncertainty of supply chain (Mason, Lalwani and Boughton, 2007) the tradeoffs of the initial cost of implementing the ICT systems in organisation to long term sustainable benefits (IBM, 2008; Feo-valero, Menendez and hidalgo, 2011; Sony Global B, 2012).Dependent on the trade-off an organisation is willing to make over cost, service or environment organisations can select a sustainable multimodal method of transport(see Appendix E ) as trade-offs may vary according to selection of a local supplier. Conclusion This paper was aimed to answer question of how selection of global suppliers affects organisation’s sustainable supply chain strategy in light of multi-modal choice while considering the impact and what trade-o ffs does these organisations need do in order to achieve a sustainable supply chain? It is best to conclude this paper at notion of Industries and organisations vary in the need of supply chains dependent on the variants discussed in the paper; taken as a whole, these factors explained by (Carter and Rogers, 008; Meixell and Mario, 2008) play a very important role in selection of mode transport and over all operation strategy and an organisation should assess the trade-offs based on these factors. Whereas overall the decision of using or changing the multi-modal used depends on an organisational willingness to be environmentally sustainable future most of the changes are both cost and eco friendly whereas some require to long protesting one on other. Works Cited Andrew, D. T. (2013) Globalisation Lecture, 8 January, [Online], Available: https://blackboard. glam. ac. uk/bbcswebdav/courses/PS4S34_2012_v1/Andrew%20Thomas%20-%20Globalisation%20Lecture. pdf [20 January 2013]. Anthony D. Ross, H. P. a. C. D. (2012) ‘Sustainability and supply chain infrastructure development', Management Decision, vol. 50, no. 10, pp. 891-1910. Carter, C. R. and Rogers, D. S. (2008) ‘A framework of sustainable supply chain management:moving towards new theory', International Journal of Physical Distribution & Logistics Management, vol. 38, no. 5, pp. 360-87. CEFIC (2011) Guidelines for Measuring and Managing CO2 Emission from Freight Transport Operations, March, [Online], Available: http://www. cefic. org/Documents/IndustrySupport/Transport-and-Logistics/Best%20Practice%20Guidelines%20-%20General%20Guidelines/Cefic-ECTA%20Guidelines%20for%20measuring%20and%20managing%20CO2%20emissions%20from%20transport%20operations%20Final%2030. 03. 201 [1 April 2013]. Cunningham, W. H. J. 1982) ‘Freight Modal Choice and Competition in Transportation: A Critique and Categorization of Analysis Techniques', TRANSPORTATION JOURNAL (American Society of Transportation & Logistics Inc), vol. 21, no. 4, Summer, pp. 66-75. Dielman, H. and de Hoo, S.. (1993) ‘Toward a tailor-made process of pollution prevention and cleaner production: results and implications of the PRISMA project†, in Fisher, K. andSchott, J. ,', Environmental Strategies for Industry Island Press, Washington, DC, no. 2, pp. 45-75. E. Bo and Hammervoll, T. (2010) ‘Cost-based pricing of transportation services in a wholesaler-carrier relationship: an MS Excel spreadsheet decision tool', International Journal of Logistics: Research and Applications, vol. 13. , no. 3, pp. 197-210.Elkington, J. (1994) ‘ Towards the sustainable corporation: Win-win-win business strategies for sustainable development', California Management Review , vol. 36, no. 2, pp. 90-100. Euromonitor International (2011) FOCUS: Zara grows in Brazil while Gap and H&M dither, 7 october, [Online], Available: http://www. just-style. com/analysis/zara-grows-in-brazil-while-gap-and-hm-dither_id112354. aspx [12 Februar y 2013]. Fawcett, S. E. and Mangan, G. M. (2002) ‘The rhetoric and reality of supply chain integration', International Journal of Physical Distribution & Logistics Management, vol. 32, no. 3, pp. 39-61. Feo-valero, M. , Menendez, l. G. nd hidalgo, R. G. (2011) ‘Valuing Freight Transport Time using Transport Demand Modelling: A Bibliographical Review', Transport Reviews, vol. 31, no. 5, September, p. 625–651. Freight best practice, (2013) Choosing and Developing a Multi-modal Transport Solution, [Online], Available: freightbestpractice. org. uk/categories/3589_586_dulliau-amlfoddol–multi-modal-. aspx [1 March 2013]. Friedman, M. (1970) ‘The Social Responsibility of Business Is to Increase Profits', New York Times Magazine, vol. 13, no. 32. Gerry Johnson, K. S. W. (2008) Exploring Corporate Strategy, 8th edition, London: Pearson Education. Handfield, R. B. and Nichols, J.. E. L. 2002) Supply Chain Redesign: Transforming Supply Chains into Integrated Val ue systems, 1st edition, United States of America: FT Press. Huge-Brodin, K. I. a. M. (2013) ‘Understanding efficiencies behind logistics service providers’ green offerings', Management Research Review, vol. 36, no. 3, pp. 216-238. IBM (2008) Mastering carbon management:Balancing trade-offs to optimize supply chain efficiencies, [Online], Available: -05. ibm. com/de/automotive/downloads/mastering-carbon-management. pdf [1 April 2013]. Ilan Oshri, J. K. W. R. L. W. (2009) ‘Global sourcing: recent trends and issues', Information Technology & People, vol. 22, no. 3, pp. 192-200. Jensen, M. C. 2002) ‘Value Maximization, Stakeholder Theory, and the Corporate Objective Function', Business Ethics Quarterly , vol. 12, no. 2, pp. 235-56. Logistcs Cluster (2011) Logistics Operational Guide, May, [Online], Available: http://log. logcluster. org/response/transport/ [2 March 2013]. Mason, R. , Lalwani, C. and Boughton, R. (2007) ‘Combining vertical and horizontal c ollaboration for transport optimisation', Supply Chain Management: An International Journal, vol. 12, no. 3, p. 187–199. Meixell, J. M. and Mario, N. (2008) ‘A review of the transportation mode choice and carrier selection literature', The International Journal of Logistics, vol.

A Theory of Cross-Cultural Communication Essay

A Theory of Cross-Cultural Communication  © Anthony Pym 2003 Intercultural Studies Group Universitat Rovira i Virgili Tarragona, Spain* Pre-print version 3. 3 The following is a series of propositions designed to connect a few ideas about translation as a mode of cross-cultural communication. The ideas are drawn from a multiplicity of existing theories; the aim is not particularly to be original. The propositions are instead intended to link up three endeavors: an abstract conception of cross-cultural communication, a description of the specificities of translation, and an attempt to envisage the future of such communication in a globalizing age. The various points at which the propositions draw on or diverge from previous theories are indicated in a series of notes. 1. 1. 1. 1. 2. On cross-cultural communication in general Cross-cultural communication involves the perceived crossing of a point of contact between cultures. Cultures here are minimally seen as large-scale systems of assumed shared references, linguistic or otherwise1, used for the purposes of reducing complexity. 2 Cultures themselves may idealize one or several centers, where the shared references are felt to be so dense that communication would be without any need for reductions of complexities. Away from such ideals, cultures have peripheries, where references are sparse, or sparsely shared, or mixed with references shared by other cultures. The terms â€Å"center† and â€Å"periphery† are not to be understood geopolitically. (cf. Even-Zohar 1990, Toury 1995) The differences between centers and peripheries are operative fictions rather than primary empirical facts. The very belief that one is in a central position may be enough to curtail complexity, just as the false impression that one is lacking in context may increase complexity. (Pym 1998) The difference between center and periphery may also be characterized in terms of effort. When shared references are believed to be dense (all else being equal), the reduction of complexity requires less effort than when the references are believed to be sparse. Effort here is understood as being on both the sending and receiving sides of messages, as well as in any mediating position or investment in the channel. A text sent and received near a perceived center will thus require less investment of effort than the same text sent from a center to a periphery (assuming that the reduction of complexity is 1. 3. 1. 4. 1. 5. to be to a similar degree in both cases). And further supplementary effort will be needed if the text is to be received in another culture. (Pym 1995) 1. 6. The lines between cultures are marked as cross-over points where the communication act receives supplementary effort of a mediating and discontinuous nature. Such points are usually where translations are carried out. (Pym 2001a) Cross-cultural communication thus marks the points of contact between cultures, although it alone will not join up the points to form any kind of line. (Pym 1998, 2001a, cf. Chatwin 1987) On complexity and its reduction Texts are inscribed objects that can be interpreted in different ways and for different functions, quite independently of any original intentions. The plurality of possible interpretations is what we are calling complexity. The reduction of complexity does not imply any discerning of a true or primal meaning. For example, a reader at this point might interpret the term â€Å"reduction of complexity† as â€Å"understanding†, but such a reading will hopefully be deviated by the following paragraphs. In this sense, the reduction of complexity does not entail an act of understanding in any idealist sense. Nor must effort be expended only to reduce complexity. Effort can also be used to make texts more complex, preparing them for a greater plurality of interpretations. Such might be a certain conception of aesthetic pleasure, diplomatic ambiguity, or communicative mechancete. The degree of appropriate complexity is in each case dependent on the success conditions of the communicative act concerned. On success conditions Success conditions are criteria that make the communicative act beneficial for all or some of the participants concerned. 4 Such criteria may be simple, as in the case of a business negotiation to reach mutual agreement on a sales price: the success condition might be that a price is agreed to by all participants. A Theory of Cross-Cultural Communication Essay Cultures here are minimally seen as large-scale systems of assumed shared references, linguistic or otherwise1, used for the purposes of reducing complexity. 2 Cultures themselves may idealize one or several centers, where the shared references are felt to be so dense that communication would be without any need for reductions of complexities. Away from such ideals, cultures have peripheries, where references are sparse, or sparsely shared, or mixed with references shared by other cultures. The terms â€Å"center† and â€Å"periphery† are not to be understood geopolitically. (cf. Even-Zohar 1990, Toury 1995) The differences between centers and peripheries are operative fictions rather than primary empirical facts. The very belief that one is in a central position may be enough to curtail complexity, just as the false impression that one is lacking in context may increase complexity. (Pym 1998) The difference between center and periphery may also be characterized in terms of effort. When shared references are believed to be dense (all else being equal), the reduction of complexity requires less effort than when the references are believed to be sparse. Effort here is understood as being on both the sending and receiving sides of messages, as well as in any mediating position or investment in the channel. A text sent and received near a perceived center will thus require less investment of effort than the same text sent from a center to a periphery (assuming that the reduction of complexity is 1. 3. 1. 4. 1. 5. to be to a similar degree in both cases). And further supplementary effort will be needed if the text is to be received in another culture. (Pym 1995) 1. 6. The lines between cultures are marked as cross-over points where the communication act receives supplementary effort of a mediating and discontinuous nature. Such points are usually where translations are carried out. (Pym 2001a) Cross-cultural communication thus marks the points of contact between cultures, although it alone will not join up the points to form any kind of line. (Pym 1998, 2001a, cf. Chatwin 1987) On complexity and its reduction Texts are inscribed objects that can be interpreted in different ways and for different functions, quite independently of any original intentions. The plurality of possible interpretations is what we are calling complexity. The reduction of complexity does not imply any discerning of a true or primal meaning. For example, a reader at this point might interpret the term â€Å"reduction of complexity† as â€Å"understanding†, but such a reading will hopefully be deviated by the following paragraphs. In this sense, the reduction of complexity does not entail an act of understanding in any idealist sense. Nor must effort be expended only to reduce complexity. Effort can also be used to make texts more complex, preparing them for a greater plurality of interpretations. Such might be a certain conception of aesthetic pleasure, diplomatic ambiguity, or communicative mechancete. The degree of appropriate complexity is in each case dependent on the success conditions of the communicative act concerned. On success conditions Success conditions are criteria that make the communicative act beneficial for all or some of the participants concerned. 4 Such criteria may be simple, as in the case of a business negotiation to reach mutual agreement on a sales price: the success condition might be that a price is agreed to by all participants.

Free Essays on Authors Theme

such as mournful, beggar, fail, pained state, refused, poor, sorrow, and abused to create this mood of sympathy. In "Sympathy", Dunbar does an excellent job of depicting the animals, a bird, feelings of sadness and will to escape its caged state. One phrase depicting this is "I know why the caged bird beats his wing, till its blood is red on the cruel bars." Another example is "And pain still throbs in the old, old scars." A last example is in line 16 and 17 when the author says "When his wing is bruised and his bosom sore. When he beats his bars and he would be free; it is n... Free Essays on Authors Theme Free Essays on Authors Theme Authors put a great deal of time and effort into their pieces of work to uncover the best way to portray specific feelings and emotions. Two prime examples of this are in Babette Deutsch's "Ape" and Paul Laurence Dunbar's "Sympathy". Each poet uses unique phrases and literary devices to explain their feelings of sympathy for caged creatures. In "Ape", Deutsch uses phrases such as "His eyes are mournful, but the long lined palm." "He grips the bars; his pained state grows to a brown sturdy framed in dusty fur." Both of these phrases show the animals sorrow and views of escape. "They eyes, poor sorrow's jewels, seldom wink, but to his grinning public, as before, show endless patience, endlessly abused." This phrase shows the animals emotions as well. Words such as mournful, pained, poor, and abused were all used to draw the attention of the sympathy the author has for the caged animal. The use of rhyming helps to ease the flow of the poem. This is used in "Ape". An example of this is, "His eyes are mournful, but the long lined palm he thrusts between the bars expects the best. His old man's face as innocent as calm, the beggar puts compassion to the test and fails." Another literary tool used in the poem is tone. Tone is the attitude the author has towards what he or she is interpreting. This is used to create an overall mood of the work. Words such as mournful, beggar, fail, pained state, refused, poor, sorrow, and abused to create this mood of sympathy. In "Sympathy", Dunbar does an excellent job of depicting the animals, a bird, feelings of sadness and will to escape its caged state. One phrase depicting this is "I know why the caged bird beats his wing, till its blood is red on the cruel bars." Another example is "And pain still throbs in the old, old scars." A last example is in line 16 and 17 when the author says "When his wing is bruised and his bosom sore. When he beats his bars and he would be free; it is n...

Everything is About Writing for Marian Allen, Author Lady

Everything is About Writing for Marian Allen, Author Lady Unicorns, dragons and talking tortoises might not be standard fare for everyone. But Marian Allens fantasy realm created in the Sage trilogy fulfils any fantasy lovers craving for those exact things. The first book of the trilogy, The Fall of Onagros: Sage: Book 1 (Sage Trilogy) (Volume 1), begins like this:Unicorn pressed a hoof into the yielding earth, leaving a moss-lined hollow. Phoenix shook a tiny iridescent feather into the impression. Tortoise spat upon the feather; the droplets dissolved it, swelled, burst their surface tension, and filled the shallow bowl with shimmering liquid. Dragon breathed gently on the water, and a vision appeared.The Fall of OnagrosHowever, just as quickly as that dragon-inspired vision appeared, Allens novels can take a decidedly mysterious turn, such as in Sideshow in the Center Ring, beginning with these ominous first lines:It started with parties and ended in blood. Im not a violent woman–who would have thought it would end in blood? Maybe it started on Helena Street. If you go back that far, maybe the blood makes sense.Helena Street was where I was born and raised: a thousand feet of narrow, broken, asphalt that we called Hell Alley. It ran from Market Street to the service entrance of 63 Andriot, a block of condominiums, overpriced for the upper class. We were a century into the New World Order, and a quick flip through a history book showed a pretty familiar picture. The Haves did, do, and always will; the Have-Nots didnt, dont, and wont. Helena Street was for Have-Nots.Sideshow in the Center RingAbout the authorLouisville, Kentucky-native Marian Allens own description of herself is as an inveterate this-and-thatter. Along with having written since she can remember, she reminds her readers that the content on her blog is about anything [she] damn well [pleases], including recipes and one-liners. Having been told at the age of six that it was possible to do what she loved (which was write) and make money doing it, she knew what she wanted to do for a living.A graduate of Eastern Kentucky University in Richmond, Allen has worked several positions ranging from high school teacher to a soda jerk, and prefers small-town living. Her blog is one way to connect with friends and writing circles. Allen describes her passion for writing like this: I try to remember, in my books and stories, that no one exists in total isolation, but in a web of connections to family, friends, colleagues, self at former stages of maturity, perceptions and self-images. Most of my work is fantasy, science fiction and/or mystery, though I write horror, humor, romance, mainstream or anything else that suits the story and character.Allens work includes stories in anthologies, on-line and print publications, including Oceans of the Mind and Marion Zimmer Bradleys Sword and Sorceress anthologies 22 and 23. Her work can also be seen in less common formats, such as on coffee cans and on the wall of an Indian restaurant in Louisv ille, Kentucky. She has books in electronic formats and paper, self-published and traditionally published, and is a member of Southern Indiana Writers and Quills and Quibbles.Books, collections and free readsAllens collection of books and stories, along with links to preview and purchase each, are available for prospective readers to peruse, and the author offers multiple free reads and free samples. Its easy to make a purchase for Kindle or print copies of her work, and many of Allens blog posts are sample chapters from her books or writing. For example, a post she categorizes under #SampleSunday is a complete short story she wrote for her local Quills Quibbles writers meeting, limited to approximately 250 words. She then follows that story with a writing prompt for her readers: Write about an encounter at a bar, concession stand, or food cart.Another post is an original short story Allen wrote that was published in the Southern Indiana Writers Groups now-out-of-print anthology, C hristmas Bizarre. The story is reprinted as part of the groups new anthology, Holiday Bizarre, which includes stories involving holidays throughout the year. Heres a brief sample of the introduction of The Christmas Pool (the rest can be found within this post):How do you tell a four-year-old you dont want him around, ever? This is not a good time, I could manage. Its time for you to go home now, I could manage. Ill be busy tomorrow, I could manage. But, Go away now and never come back? Couldnt be done.In late August, Len started pre-school. Every evening I drove home to find a grubby urchin on my front porch with an armful of my dog and a stream of gossip about the kids.Darkness held no terror for him; the days grew short, but my headlights always picked out that figure waiting for me. Id give him goodies, listen to him while I got my supper started. Now and then hed say, Whatcha making? That looks good, but I had no trouble resisting the temptation. Id just put everything on simme r and drive him home, then come back to my quiet and my solitude.The Christmas PoolPoetryAllen begins her blogs poetry section with a story about a party in which a challenge was thrown out to write ten-word, surrealist poems. The way she describes it, each participant took a piece of paper, wrote down a made-up title for a poem that hadnt been written yet, and folded the paper so that each persons title didnt show as they passed the paper to the person next to them. They then wrote a new title on the paper, folded it, then passed it on- three times until they each unfolded the title in their hands and wrote a ten-word poem. Here are a few of the results:Gray Day in JanuarySky, slush, river–Your eyes.January thaws before that gray.I Always Hated PsychologistsThen I met you.You make me feel so Jung.PhantasmIs it real?Does that matter?I live with it.Writing advice and promptsMy favorite tidbits available on Allens blog were her multiple writing prompts, which are found througho ut many of her posts, such as this one: A writing prompt for you: Write a character who thinks the height of happiness is being in a mess of loud, drunken people behaving badly.In addition to these wonderful prompts, Allen offers multiple posts with writing advice and inspirational tips, such as this one entitled Life Outside the Storyline. In this post, she writes the following concerning genre writing versus literary writing:Everybody says, Know your characters inside and out - and then leave most of it out of the book. I think thats more true of genre writing than literary. I think genre books focus nearly exclusively on the storyline, with peripherals coming in as subplots. I think literary books focus on life outside the storyline, with the storyline simply being the thread through the beads.Marian AllenThere are also guest posts by Floyd Hyatt, such as this post entitled Adjective Objective, where he offers advice on the use of adverbs and adjectives that isnt typically taugh t in the industry. Heres a hint: it goes against Stephen Kings advice stating, The adverb is not your friend.Additional linksAdditional links on Marian Allens site lead visitors to selected nonprofits meaningful to the author. Allen also offers several products for purchase in her Cafà © Press shop, including shirts, a tote bag, a messenger bag, an apron, a mousepad, and a mug with flash fiction shorts of her writing.

Carpal Tunnel Syndrome

Last Name and Page # to the right I/2 from the top. Everything double spaced. Student Name Instructor Name Class Course Date Diagnosis of Carpal Tunnel Syndrome Paula is a 38 year old administrative assistant. She has visited the medical assistant at Heald College Medical Clinic. During the interview with the assistant, Paula explains she was waking up at night with pain in both wrists, Paula also states the wrist pain becomes worse after she has been working on the computer. Paula says she has been using wrist supports but they do not appear to help. The medical assistant refers Paula to the physician. The physician diagnosis is carpal tunnel syndrome. Diabetes, arthritis, is it the underlying cause of Carpal Tunnel Syndrome. Carpal tunnel syndrome occurs when the median nerve, which runs from the forearm into the hand, becomes pressed or squeezed at the wrist. The median nerve controls sensations to the palm side of the thumb and fingers (although not the little finger), as well as impulses to some small muscles in the hand that allow the fingers and thumb to move. The carpal tunnel, a narrow rigid passageway of ligament and bones at the base of the hand houses the median nerve and tendons. Thickening from irritated tendons or other swelling narrows the tunnel and causes the median nerve to be compressed. The result may be pain, weakness, or numbness in the hand and wrist radiating up the arm. Although painful sensations may indicate other conditions, carpal tunnel syndrome is the most common and widely known of the entrapping neuropathies in which the bodys peripheral nerves are compressed or traumatized. However test will need to be done in order to confirm the diagnosis of carpal tunnel syndrome: Early diagnosis and treatment are important to avoid permanent damage to the median nerve. A physical examination of the hands, arms, shoulders, and neck can help determine if the patients complaints are related to daily activities or an underlying disorder which can be used as a tool to rule out other painful conditions that mimic carpal tunnel syndrome. The wrist is examined for tenderness, swelling, warmth, and discoloration. Each finger should be tested for sensation, and the muscles at the base of the hand should be examined for strength and signs of atrophy. Routine laboratory tests and X-rays can reveal diabetes, arthritis, and fractures. Physicians can use specific tests to try to produce the symptoms of carpal tunnel syndrome. In the tendon test, the doctor taps on or presses on the median nerve in the patients wrist. The test is positive when tingling in the fingers or a resultant shock like sensation occurs. The Phalanges, or wrist-flexion, test involves having the patient hold his or her forearms upright by pointing the fingers down and pressing the backs of the hands together. The presence of carpal tunnel syndrome is suggested if one or more symptoms, such as tingling or increasing numbness, are felt in the fingers within 1 minute. Doctors may also ask patients to try to make a movement that brings on symptoms. Often it is necessary to confirm the diagnosis by use of electro diagnostic tests. In a nerve conduction study, electrodes are placed on the hand and wrist. Small electric shocks are applied and the speed with which nerves transmit impulses is measured. In electromyography, a fine needle is inserted into a muscle? Electrical activity viewed on a screen can determine the severity of damage to the median nerve. Ultrasound imaging can show impaired movement of the median nerve. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) can show the anatomy of the wrist but to date has not been especially useful in diagnosing carpal tunnel syndrome. Describe the symptoms that occur in carpal tunnel syndrome. Symptoms usually start gradually, with frequent burning, tingling, or itching numbness in the palm of the hand and the fingers, especially the thumb and the index and middle fingers. Some carpal tunnel sufferers say their fingers feel useless and swollen, even though little or no swelling is apparent. The symptoms often first appear in one or both hands during the night, since many people sleep with flexed wrists. A person with carpal tunnel syndrome may wake up feeling the need to shake out the hand or wrist. As symptoms worsen, people might feel tingling during the day. Decreased grip strength may make it difficult to form a fist, grasp small objects, or perform other manual tasks. In chronic and/or untreated cases, the muscles at the base of the thumb may waste away. Some people are unable to tell between hot and cold by touch. Treatments for carpal tunnel syndrome should begin as early as possible, under a doctors direction. Underlying causes such as diabetes or arthritis should be treated first. Initial treatment generally involves resting the affected hand and wrist for at least 2 weeks, avoiding activities that may worsen symptoms, and immobilizing the wrist in a splint to avoid further damage from twisting or bending. If there is inflammation, applying cool packs can help reduce swelling. Nonsurgical treatments are drugs in special circumstances; various drugs can ease the pain and swelling associated with carpal tunnel syndrome. Non steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, such as aspirin, ibuprofen, and other nonprescription pain relievers, may ease symptoms that have been present for a short time or have been caused by strenuous activity. Orally administered diuretics (water pills) can decrease swelling. Corticosteroids (such as prednisone) or the drug lidocaine can be injected directly into the wrist or taken by mouth (in the case of prednisone) to relieve pressure on the median nerve and provide immediate, temporary relief to persons with mild or intermittent symptoms. (Caution: persons with diabetes and those who may be predisposed to diabetes should note that prolonged use of corticosteroids can make it difficult to regulate insulin levels. Corticosteroids’ should not be taken without a doctors prescription. Additionally, some studies show that vitamin B6 (pyridoxine) supplements may ease the symptoms of carpal tunnel syndrome. Exercise Stretching and strengthening exercises can be helpful in people whose symptoms have abated. These exercises may be supervised by a physical therapist, which is trained to use exercises to treat physical impairments, or an occupational therapist, which is trained in evaluating people with physical impairments and helping them build skills to improve their health and wellbeing. Alternative therapies Acupuncture and chiropractic care have benefited some patients but their effectiveness remains unproved. An exception is yoga, which has been shown to reduce pain and improve grip strength among patients with carpal tunnel syndrome. Surgery of carpal tunnel release is one of the most common surgical procedures in the United States. Generally recommended if symptoms last for 6 months, surgery involves severing the band of tissue around the wrist to reduce pressure on the median nerve. Surgery is done under local anesthesia and does not require an overnight hospital stay.

Should the government provide child care centers for working parents Research Paper

Should the government provide child care centers for working parents - Research Paper Example There have been developed child-care centers that are privately owned, which have risen to save the situation. However, some of these child-care centers are not offering quality services to the children who attend them. Quality child-care should be a responsive process that offers developmentally suitable atmosphere for little children (Cooperative Extension, University of California (a) 1). Many of children around the world are not getting appropriate child-care opportunities for preschool sessions. However, many of those who attend the preschool are given poor services that sometimes are harmful to the children. The government ought to venture in to funding of these programs that will empower the young children. In the US, funding is varied in different programs that are designed to offer child-care. These programs are independent from each other in the way they carry out their care to children (Barnett and Hustedt 2). Child-care industries have boosted economies of many countries. They contribute to the revenue through taxation and by offering jobs to citizens of a country. In US, government subsidies are given to parents that are needy and to some parents the US government offers tax credits (Barnett and Hustedt 5-6). ... This is a reflective assignment that is seeking to express the two sides of government involvement in providing child care centers to working parents. Child-care is an expensive venture that does not only involve monetary, but also time, concern and energy. The burden of child-care can outweigh the parent if they are left alone to deal with children and still be economically productive. Children are attended by nuclear families when they cannot access the payable child-care centers fees (Bane et al 52-53). Economy has provided constraints that have forced many employees to spend more time and energy to any economic projects they are engaged in. In cases of interruptions, employees incur much loses as a result of wasted time. Companies that have employed those workers lose a lot of revenue on those employees. In that case, even the government experiences reduction in income because they will be entitled to less tax because of reduced productivity of an organization or company. In many countries, working parents are not usually entitled to any child-care services from the government. By the end of the year 2010, the only countries that were nearly giving their working people entitlement to child care are France and Hungary. These countries have high quality health services and other services related to children treatment (Hein and Cassirer 39). According to Cooperative Extension, University of California (b. 2-3), child-care is very expensive for low income earners in US. For example, the lowest charges for a year child care services for only one child was more than a third of annual income of a person who earns an annual pay of

Cause and Effect Essay Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Cause and Effect Assignment - Essay Example This paper intends to discuss trust as the cause of development of self-esteem in children; and, the development of self-esteem, confidence and emotional competence as effects. The thesis statement of the paper is: When parents rely on trust as a major disciplinary measure, it results in the development of self-esteem and emotional competence in children. Parents who trust their children use many strategies that spare their need for using secret surveillance tools. Communication is the biggest technique. Keeping the channels of communication open awakens the sense of self-confidence and emotional competence in children. Nelson (qtd. in Rutherford 410) states that â€Å"elite parents today rely on constant communication and a set of shifting possibilities rather than either confinement or pre-established rules when dealing with their children.† Clear-set rules and no communication about flexibility in rules leads to mistrust. In an article, Parenting: The Case for Keeping Out, Nancy Gibbs talks about her relationship with her daughters. She discusses that she belongs to the generation of parents who are extra worrisome about their kids’ hygiene, food, and security, when the kids are exposing themselves over the internet without parents ever knowing it. This extra worry leads to lack of trust between the two generations. Although it is a very good thing to be concerned with kids’ activities, however it is of no use securing them under helmets, and making them stay wrapped up in hypoallergenic sheets all the while. The need for securing the children brings with it different gadgets that help parents make sure that they are protecting their children from danger. Nelson (qtd. in Rutherford 410) mentions that parents use automobile tracking devices, key stroke recorders and drug-testing kits to maintain surveillance upon their children. They use these techniques until their trust is broken. Moreover, There is a tool that â€Å"lets you sneak a few strands of hair

Media Analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Media Analysis - Essay Example Introduction The term â€Å"media† was coined with the advent of radio networks, magazines and newspapers in the 1920. The media do have several main functions all of which have at least political insinuations: reporting, entertainment, socializing new generations, identifying public problems, making profits and providing a political forum. It is known to play a central role in influencing people, and, therefore, changes the formation of attitudes and beliefs. The following sections are dedicated to the study of the media in relation to daily occurrences and processes, and will consider the interaction between media and the government in daily life, in Australia and United States of America. Television Media Media television is specifically designed to serve a large audience. Television, manuscripts and books, internet, prerecorded video and speech, music, film, mobile phones and video games are today regarded as media. Hollywood executives have in the past admitted that media wields extraordinary power to entertain, educate and inform. Television programming is meant to entertain, educate and informing the masses, and known to play a main role in forming or changing people’s attitudes towards subjects or objects. Television and Politics In print media, political discussions are unavoidable just like political stories cannot miss on television extremely day. Political news and political announcements are regularly encountered on all forms of media and more especially during campaigns. Media also provides a forum for the general public to discuss topical issues, which are of, national interest. In overall, media remains a vital means through which people get information regarding the performance of their governments on top of other products that it offers. While the importance of media as the government’s watchdog cannot be undermined, it is also noted that sometimes media presents information in a biased way to influence the public in makin g decisions, which may or, may not be for their benefits. The mass media does several main functions all of which have at least political insinuations: reporting, entertainment, socializing new generations, identifying public problems, making profits and providing a political forum. When it comes to government activities, the media does have even greater influence than it has during political campaigns. This is in line with the fact that both president and media need each other. In Australia, television remains the most commonly used sources of news and current affairs with most cable television news and internet services. US Television Networks In the United States, there are five key television networks. For example, there is over-the-air; free-to-air; cable television; internet television and direct satellite broadcasting. Furthermore, there are syndicated shows which do rerun several TV series and old movies. However, there have been new concepts, which have been, established to promote the airing of international programs like National Football League, the Simpsons which do broadcast through UHF. As such, such prime time schedules and programs have been aired for not more than two hours, but when international programs like the Simpsons have achieved success despite that they were aired for a short time. However, the programs broadcasted did achieve such eminent success, and, therefore, such international programs were promoted. Consequently, that was the inception of the airing

What are the most important parts of a financial statement for an Essay

What are the most important parts of a financial statement for an investor to look at when deciding on a long-term financial investment - Essay Example If an investor buys shares of a company whose profits have been deteriorating over the years then it is likely that the impact of the falling profits will also be reflected in the price of its shares. This will erode the value of the company’s shares and the investment will result in losses. For this reason a careful analysis of the financial statements is a must before taking a long position in the shares of the company. The investors must make investments from long term point of view as this gives them the power to exercise control over their investments. An intelligent investor must not focus on the short term movements in the market rather one should concentrate on intelligent selection (Bogle & Swensen, 2009, pp.40). Ideally the return on a long term investment should be 7% (Campbell et al., 2001). Stocks generally offer best possible returns over the long term (Bodnar, 2006, pp.121). For the period 1926 to 1998 the common stocks of large companies offered an annual return of 11.2 percent. When compared with other instruments it shows that the stocks offered a risk premium of 7.2 percent annually. Even though the returns earned on large cap and small cap stocks is higher as compared to other assets classes their returns are more volatile. The return on long term bonds issued by US government is 5.3 percent per year i.e. a real return of 2.2 percent. Though the returns on such bonds are less as compared to the stocks but their returns are comparatively less volatile when compared to volatility in stock returns (Reilly & Brown, 2002, pp.92). The financial statements comprise of- Income Statement, Cash flow Statement and Balance Sheet. Income Statement is an estimation of the profits incurred or losses suffered by the business over a specified period of time. Cash Flow Statement is a summary of the net cash position of the business. Balance Sheet is a summarized statement of the assets owned by the business and the liabilities owed by it. Using these

Process of Economic Integration in the World Today Essay

Process of Economic Integration in the World Today - Essay Example This paper presents a modern research report on different aspects of economic integration in the world today. The prime purpose involved in the process of economic integration process is reducing costs both for the producers and the consumers as well. The increasing levels of integration help in determining the competitiveness and allowing smooth movement of labour, cost and capital. It can be affirmed that the implementation of economic integration lessens the short-term profits due to the imposition of tariffs. Economic integration reduces the other trade barriers as well. It gives less power to the government of the member nations to make necessary adjustments that might deliver significant benefits to them. The process of economic integration in the context of E.U. generally includes four main features. One of the features is that economic integration reflects increase in intra-euro area trade at large. The second facet of economic integration can be identified to be making smooth and free flow of capital and also contributing towards developing the aspect of financial integration. The third feature of economic integration relating to its process is constituted by labour mobility. The other facet of economic integration in relation to its process can be viewed as synchronizing and coordinating different cyclical positions across the Euro areas It can be apparently observed but deeper economic integration is needed for the creation of developed economy in this increased level of globalisation along with internationalisation. ... These figures reflect the creation of strong Europe (European Central Bank, 2007). The second facet of economic integration can be identified to be making smooth and free flow of capital and also contributing towards developing the aspect of financial integration. Financial integration strengthens the economic mechanism, raises the competition and increases the potential for stronger economic growth. Along with economic integration, financial integration plays an imperative role in determining effective monetary policies and ensuring free along with effective transmission of single monetary policy. However, the actual need of financial integration is being observed in retail banking sector (EUbusiness Ltd, 2013). The third feature of economic integration relating to its process is constituted by labour mobility. As the labour market begins to tighten itself in developing economies, absence of openness may result in generating the risks of wage pressure. In most part of the European U nion, it can be viewed that cross border labour mobility is still limited, restricting in developing the economy by a certain degree through the emergence of regulatory barriers. The other facet of economic integration in relation to its process can be viewed as synchronizing and coordinating different cyclical positions across the Euro areas (Kuroiwa, 2012). Purposes of Economic Integration In order to determine the purposes of economic integration, it can be apparently observed that economic integration has increased among the countries in the European Union, but deeper integration is needed for the creation of developed economy in this increased level of globalisation along with internationalisation. In this similar context, the prime

Serology Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Serology - Research Paper Example The DNA can be a very powerful source of evidence. However, there are debates about the uses serology has been put to and in recent years these debates have become more rancorous. One of the most radical transformations in evidence collection in recent years in the criminal justice system is the use of DNA. Considered by some to be a silver bullet, conclusively proving guilt, DNA’s significance can be hard to defend against and may create an insurmountable burden for an innocent defendant. It is documented that there is a high level of error in laboratories, and it is possible for DNA samples to be switched. This is an important consideration when evaluating the uses of serology. An accident like this combined with circumstantial evidence would almost certainly result in a guilty verdict. Likewise, sophisticated criminals have been known to plant false DNA evidence at the crime scene in order to shift attention away from themselves. This are important things to keep in mind when considering

Process of Economic Integration in the World Today Essay

Process of Economic Integration in the World Today - Essay Example This paper presents a modern research report on different aspects of economic integration in the world today. The prime purpose involved in the process of economic integration process is reducing costs both for the producers and the consumers as well. The increasing levels of integration help in determining the competitiveness and allowing smooth movement of labour, cost and capital. It can be affirmed that the implementation of economic integration lessens the short-term profits due to the imposition of tariffs. Economic integration reduces the other trade barriers as well. It gives less power to the government of the member nations to make necessary adjustments that might deliver significant benefits to them. The process of economic integration in the context of E.U. generally includes four main features. One of the features is that economic integration reflects increase in intra-euro area trade at large. The second facet of economic integration can be identified to be making smooth and free flow of capital and also contributing towards developing the aspect of financial integration. The third feature of economic integration relating to its process is constituted by labour mobility. The other facet of economic integration in relation to its process can be viewed as synchronizing and coordinating different cyclical positions across the Euro areas It can be apparently observed but deeper economic integration is needed for the creation of developed economy in this increased level of globalisation along with internationalisation. ... These figures reflect the creation of strong Europe (European Central Bank, 2007). The second facet of economic integration can be identified to be making smooth and free flow of capital and also contributing towards developing the aspect of financial integration. Financial integration strengthens the economic mechanism, raises the competition and increases the potential for stronger economic growth. Along with economic integration, financial integration plays an imperative role in determining effective monetary policies and ensuring free along with effective transmission of single monetary policy. However, the actual need of financial integration is being observed in retail banking sector (EUbusiness Ltd, 2013). The third feature of economic integration relating to its process is constituted by labour mobility. As the labour market begins to tighten itself in developing economies, absence of openness may result in generating the risks of wage pressure. In most part of the European U nion, it can be viewed that cross border labour mobility is still limited, restricting in developing the economy by a certain degree through the emergence of regulatory barriers. The other facet of economic integration in relation to its process can be viewed as synchronizing and coordinating different cyclical positions across the Euro areas (Kuroiwa, 2012). Purposes of Economic Integration In order to determine the purposes of economic integration, it can be apparently observed that economic integration has increased among the countries in the European Union, but deeper integration is needed for the creation of developed economy in this increased level of globalisation along with internationalisation. In this similar context, the prime

Scarlet Letter Essay Example for Free

Scarlet Letter Essay The Scarlet Letter There are many forms to degrade a person, some are deep wounds that can leave an imprint forever, and some go through one ear and out the other. There have been many occasions where ones life is played upon, where the only solution is death. But there are two of those imprints I want to focus on; revenge and hatred and how these two abhorrent features can destroy a person physically and spiritually. Revenge is defined as to inflict punishment in return for injury or insult. In Nathaniel Hawthornes novel, The Scarlet Letter, we find that two characters exemplify this theme. Roger Chillingworth and Reverend Arthur Dimmesdale have an extensive conflict that portrays an example for us. The clergymans shy and sensitive reserve had balked this scheme. Roger Chillingworth, however, was inclined to be hardly, if at all, less satisfied with the aspects of affairs, which Providence- using the avenger and his victim for its own purposes, and, perchance, pardoning where it seemed most to punish- had substituted for is black devices. In this quote from the book, it states that Roger Chillingworth, being the doctor of Dimmesdale, will use his medications against him. Chillingworth suspects of Dimmesdale committing a great sin that involves his wife Hester Prynne. Calm, gentle, passionless, as he appeared, there was yet, we fear, a quiet depth of malice, hitherto latent, but active now, in this unfortunate old man, which led him to imagine a more intimate revenge than any mortal had even wreaked upon an enemy. To make himself the one trusted friend, to whom should be confided all the fear, the remorse, the agony, the ineffectual repentance, the backward rush of sinful thoughts, expelled in vain! Chillingworth is taking advantage of being Dimmesdale so called friend, so he gets him to confess this reat sin that he is being suspected upon. He will be asking questions that will provoke Dimmesdale or rather make him think in such a way that he will express it physically. The reason why Dimmesdale seems to be sick is because of the secret sin he keeps inside, its destroying him. Making him weak, pale, rather old, and putting him in a position where he believes that medicine will cure it. Dimmesdale being the preacher of the town will have a great spiritual agony that will haunt him through this life and the next, making this the spiritual sickness that will not leave unless he confesses. And the cause of this all would be Chillingworth. Hatred can destroy victim or attacker, being an intense dislike, extreme aversion or hostility. All of these aspects, Chillingworth was putting upon Dimmesdale, slowly making him pay for the sin. In a word, old Roger Chillingworth was a striking evidence of a mans faculty of transforming himself into a devil, if he will only, for a reasonable space of time, undertake a devils office. He was going through stages of hatred that transformed him into something that he didnt foresee. Chillingworth was turning into a devil within a blink of an eye. Hester said to Chillingworth while talking to him about Dimmesdale, Since that day, no man is so near him as you. You tread behind his every footstep. You are beside him, sleeping and waking. You search his thoughts. You burrow and rankle in his heart! Your clutch is on his life, and you cause him to Chillingworth is like a dark shadow haunting Dimmesdale every mille-second of the day, and Dimmesdale not knowing what Chillingworths real intensions are. In this case, hatred was destroying both Chillingworth and Dimmesdale, one turning into a devil and the other being tortured and pressured. With this I come to a conclusion that revenge, hatred, and a person, dont mix well. Just like oil and water. Think about having the conscience follow you throughout your life, that with a simple act of these implements you completely destroyed a person into pieces. It degrades him or her, self-esteem drops down to a low level, but most importantly you can put that person into a place where death is the only answer to escape. A rattlesnake, if cornered will become so angry it will bite itself. That is exactly what the harboring of hate and resentment against others is a biting of oneself. We think we are harming others in holding these spites and hates, but the deeper harm is to ourselves. †E. Stanley Jones

Enteral Feeding After Gastric Intestinal Resection

Enteral Feeding After Gastric Intestinal Resection Optimum nutrition has always been a major target of post: operative care. Ileus is a common phenomenon after abdominal surgery, therefore early oral feeding is avoided and nasogastric decompression is being used. Conventionally, post abdominal surgery, the passage of flatus, or bowel movement was the clinical evidence of starting an oral diet. The end of post operative ileus based to be taken by the passage of flatus usually occurred within 5 days. The many studies have proved that the routine use of a nasogastric tube after abdominal Surgery and colorectal surgery may not be necessary. studies were undertaken to evaluate /whether different abdominal surgeries could benefit from early feeding. Early feeding improves the outcome of the patients with trauma and Burns although few studies have examined its use after gastro intestinal anastomosis. In case of laparoscopic colectomy patients have been fed routinely on day 2 after operation and that is being safely tolerated by the majority of patients. There are many evidences which indicate that immediate feeding after operation is actually feasible and safe whether post laparoscopic or post laparotomy , including gastro intestinal surgery. It has been proved by many studies that early enteral feeding in surgical patients improves nutrition and immunity and ultimately reducing septic complications and over all morbidity when compared with parenteral nutrition. A study conducted that compared an early regular diet to conventional post operative dietary management to determine G1 complications and mortality after major G1 anastomosis. The aim of this study was to assess the safety and tolerability outcomes of early oral feeding after elective gastro intestinal anastomosis. Patients and Methods Between July 2006 and December 2009, after the study was approved by ethical review committee, patients were offered participation and informed consent taken. Patients with chronic liver disease or those with metastasis and patients with histories of acute obstruction, perforation and intra abdominal infection were excluded. Patients were subject to a thorough history, physical examination and investigations. The patients were then randomized into two groups. Randomization done using sealed envelopes. Group 1 (Early feeding); 30 patients were offered simply a liquid diet within 6 hours of arrival on the ward. If 1 liter was being tolerated they were free for free liquid on the second day and then regular diet on the third day. (Tolerance is being indicated by an absence of vomiting or abdominal distension). Group 2 (Regular feeding) 30 patients were managed conventionally (that is nothing by mouth until the resolution of ileus, then a fluid diet, followed by regular diet. All patients underwent general anesthesia no nasogastric tube was inserted in any patients during surgery in patients in group 1 and a nasogastric tube was inserted in all patients during surgery and continued till the resolution of ileus in group 2. The patients were monitored for vomiting, abdominal distension length of ileus, tolerance of regular diet, length of hospitalization and complications. If there were two episodes of vomiting in the absence of bowel sounds or passage of flatus in the absence of any bowel movement, insertion of nasogastric tube was implemented.Also those who suffered from abdominal distension, emesis and succussion splash of stomach were diagnosed with acute dilatation of stomach, subjected to G I decompression. If there was anastomosis failure, treatment ensued such as antibiotics, nutritional support, ileostomy or colostomy. Patients with normal post operative course were discharged when they could tolerate a regular diet. Demographics were age and sex, medical and surgical histories of the patients and indications for anastomosis were noted. Different patients had different types of anastomosis were randomly allocated to group 1 irrespective of anastomotic type to eliminate bias. Table 1. Indications group 1 group 2 Tuberculous 5 5 Stricture at Ileum Closure of 20 20 Ileostomy Colorectal surgery 5 5 The main outcome was to evaluate post operative complications that included wound infection, leakage of anastomosis, obstruction, mesenteric emboli, upper G1 bleeding, wound dehiscence, prolonged ileus, and mortality. Ileus was defined as hypoactive bowel sounds, abdominal distension and no passage of flatus or bowel movement with or without nausea or vomiting after the first post operative day 3. Statistical analysis of data done by SPSS version 10. For continuous variables, descriptive statistics were calculated and were reported as mean +SD. Categorical variables were described using frequency distribution. The student T-test for paired samples was used to detect difference in the mean of continuous variables and the chi-square test was used in cases with low expected frequencies (a P value

The Science Guys - Theories of Evolution :: essays research papers

Jean-Baptiste Lamarck (1744-1829) Today, the name of Lamarck is associated merely with a discredited theory of heredity, the "inheritance of acquired traits." However, Charles Darwin, Lyell, Haeckel, and other early evolutionists acknowledged him as a great zoologist and as a forerunner of evolution. To be fair to Lamarck, we should mention that since the time of Linnaeus, few naturalists had considered the invertebrates worthy of study. The word "invertebrates" did not even exist at the time; Lamarck coined it. The invertebrate collections at the Musà ©e were enormous and rapidly growing, but poorly organized and classified. Although the professors at the Musà ©e were theoretically equal in rank, the professorship of "insects and worms" was definitely the least prestigious. But Lamarck took on the enormous challenge of learning -- and creating -- a new field of biology. The sheer number and diversity of invertebrates proved to be both a challenge and a rich source of knowledge. What Lamarck actually believed was more complex: organisms are not passively altered by their environment. Instead, a change in the environment causes changes in the needs of organisms living in that environment, which in turn causes changes in their behavior. Altered behavior leads to greater or lesser use of a given structure or organ; use would cause the structure to increase in size over several generations, whereas disuse would cause it to shrink or even disappear. This rule -- that use or disuse causes structures to enlarge or shrink -- Lamarck called the "First Law" in his book Philosophie zoologique. Lamarck's "Second Law" stated that all such changes were heritable. The result of these laws was the continuous, gradual change of all organisms, as they became adapted to their environments; the physiological needs of organisms, created by their interactions with the environment, drive Lamarckian evolution. Carl Linnaeus (1707-1778) Carl Linnaeus, also known as Carl von Linnà © or Carolus Linnaeus, is often called the Father of Taxonomy. His system for naming, ranking, and classifying organisms is still in wide use today (with many changes). Erusmus Darwin He did discuss ideas that his grandson elaborated on sixty years later, such as how life evolved from a single common ancestor, forming "one living filament". He wrestled with the question of how one species could evolve into another. Although some of his ideas on how evolution might occur are quite close to those of Lamarck, Erasmus Darwin also talked about how competition and sexual selection could cause changes in species

Child Development Essay -- Parenting Raising Children

Final Draft Throughout the world, it can be seen that members of different cultures raise their children in such a way that they can be productive as a responsible, mature members of society. It is the parents' responsibility to mold them into a productive individual. Parents often try to shape the child into what they believe is best for that child. Sometimes, the children's development does not conform to the ideals of other cultures. It can also be seen that gender plays a big role in the development of these children. The years in which children learn to be aggressive, or not, is prior to the age of five. I will try and associate the factors of aggressiveness and child development to portray whether or not it influences the aggressiveness of that culture. First of all, a definition of the variables to be discussed is at hand. In defining aggression, we run into problems with the cross-cultural variations between cultures. A positivist approach considers actions that cause harm to another--for example, murder or punches--to be clear examples of aggression in any cultural context. The relativist on the other hand tends to think on terms of the cultural or situational context of actions. Certain actions may not be actually aggressive but viewed in a different /way /nature/. For example, when punches are thrown in horseplay, they are restrained in their severity. Therefore, they are not aggressive in nature. When employing aggressiveness, different venues are often used in the face of social conflict. These strategies include verbal insults or physical abuse, like murder or assault. Whether or not an individual chooses to be direct or indirect/,/ depends on their preference. One may choose the direct approach and co... ...n is that they may have impossible expectations of their children. They have a tendency to live their lives through their children and push them too far. Also, the child is defiant or constantly demanding in their eyes. They have strong urges to hurt and may have acted on those urges to some extent. Conflicts arise with parents throughout life. It is important to learn to deal with these conflicts in a manner that is acceptable to the society. From the day a child is born up until puberty, a child is close with at least one if not both of the parents. Conflicts usually start during the twelve to seventeen year old period. A separation from the parents in the form of friends being more important than them promotes and is even catalytic in conflict confrontations. These confrontations range from a quiet withdrawal from the parent to raging arguments on every issue.