Animal Experimentation 1

Some people think that using animals for experimentation purpose is cruel, but other people think that it is necessary for the development of science. Discuss both views and give your opinion. Give reasons for your answer and include any relevant examples from your own knowledge or experience. Animals are living beings, like humans, that also have an important role in the world. However, instead of treating the animal with love and respect, we subject it to cruel and inhumane scientific and medical experiments to further human development. What a cruel fate for the unfortunate animals, and all because of human selfishness. On the other hand, in life, as in the jungle, the concept of survival of the fittest applies, and so, as the most intelligent animal, humans are just exercising our right to dominate and use other animals as we wish. For many people the issue of using animals for science is black and white. It is either they are very pro-animal rights, or very much in favour of using animals since we are the highest-level creature. On the one hand, some people say that subjecting animals to pain and torture is truly barbaric. All animals also have feelings, thoughts, and behaviours, and so we should look after them and respect them. They may also feel that if we are so unsure about the effects of a drug, for example, then we should chemical testing before doing live, and sometimes cruel, animal testing. Others, however, believe that we must use animals for the benefit of our own species. We should use them to test drugs, cosmetics, and new developments in science, which will provide a safer and better lifestyle for us. Very few people are inherently cruel, but they still believe it is either them or us. In truth, it is better to test the drugs on a monkey rather than on a person. In my opinion, being cruel for the sake of being cruel and with no tangible results to show is definitely stepping over a boundary of acceptable behaviour. However, at other times, if the benefits of the research are explicit, tangible, and valuable, then I feel that the research is justified. Thus, whether the use of animals is right or wrong should be based on the purpose of what they are doing.

Gladiator Powerplay Essay

Gladiator is a film about Maximus, a roman general who was to be the next emperor, succeeding Aurelius. Aurelius’ son Commodus gets angry and jealous at the fact that he was not chosen by his father to be next in line. He then proceeds to kill his father and orders Maximus to be killed. Maximus flees but finds out that his family has been murdered. He later gets enslaved and becomes a gladiator, where he trains under Proximo who also was a former gladiator. He then starts a journey to get the peoples power and to gain revenge over the person who killed his own family (Commodus). Imperial or political power play * Maximus has to gain the trust and power from the general public * Commodus is jealous that he did not get picked as the next emperor * Maximus is shown as being fearless which makes the crowd like him even more * Maximus has nothing to lose, so Commodus can’t do any more damage to his public image * Maximus was shown to be a noble and powerful Roman general Power play in relationships * Maximus and Commodus has a strong tension to show each other who has more power * Commodus and Aurelius had a bitter relationship and ended in Commodus murdering Aurelius * Maximus and Proximo where Maximus had learnt to become a fearless gladiator * Commodus’s guards and Proximo, where Proximo gets murdered * The People and Commodus

A Third Leg In The Strategy Tripod Commerce Essay

A Third Leg In The Strategy Tripod Commerce Essay In recent times strategy has become a major and significant part of international businesses (IB). A strategy is there to help the organisation to achieve its objectives and goals. There are various factors in the industry that multinationals can take to make investment decisions, nevertheless in the international business environment, it has been dominated by both industry and resource base views. A resource base view lies within the company and not on the outside, it also tells us how the company or organisation will deliver a sustainable competitive advantage and how these resources will be controlled and managed in a way that its end results can’t be copied by its competitors and would create a competitive barrier and generate a competitive advantage at a sustainable level Porter 1980).An industry base view is based on a clear understanding of the organisation’s competitive and economic structure, the challenge here is to position the company in a way that it could gain a bigger portion of the profits in the market that the company is operating in and even with new entrants coming into the market place , the organisation should turn its core competencies in an advantage. According to the journal the authors (M.W.Peng, D.Y.L. Wang and Y. Jiang) state that the view of international business strategy emerged through and institution base. They also state that this one of the legs that support and uphold the tripod strategy, and the other two part of the tripod strategy is based on a resource base view and an industry base view. In the journal the authors did a review of four distinct characteristic s or qualities of important research , these four characteristics are :(1)antidumping as entry barriers;(2)competing in and out of India;(3)growing the firm in China and the fourth being governing the corporation in emerging economies. According to the authors they state that there were questions confronting the international business raised by (Peng 2 004a), where he identified emerging nations in Asia to indicate a realistic and intermediate phase during the early and late stages of institution transitions. In the article the authors’ stats two arguments that is based on network strengths and network content. To determine strategy and performance the authors cite (Porters 1980) competitive strategy, which a frame works for industry analysis (Porters Five Force analysis). A third leg in the strategy tripod In the third leg of the strategy tripod the authors state that the industry-base view is rooted in a way the MNE’s strategy is based on certain conditions within the nature of the industry that the company has a focus on. They (authors) also state that with a resource – based view IB concentrate more internally that externally, as most of the value lies within the organisation. With both industry and resource-based views, it still brings up questions to investment locations. In the tripod strategy the autho rs cite (Scot 1995:33) where he define institutions as concrete structures , e.g. buildings and as human capital , including political and social aspects which they state , e.g.corruption,economic liberations and ethical norms , these are a few examples from the article that also affect the stability of markets that MNE’s operate in. Research by (Lawrence & Lorsch , 1969) clearly shows that the dominate part of research is a â€Å"task environment† view , where economic variables were looked at and what the market demand are and a change in technology.(Peng 2008) states that shaping strategies and performance have an impact on both formal and informal institutions.

Factors Affecting Job Motivation, Satisfaction and Performance Research Paper

Factors Affecting Job Motivation, Satisfaction and Performance - Research Paper Example Factor analysis is a variable reduction strategy whose motivation is coming up with a subset of the data explaining much of the variability. In this case, EFA was achieved using Principal Components Analysis (PCA). To assess the adequacy of the sampling, Keiser-Meier-Okin (KMO) statistic was applied with a value of for the test being 0.60. Since KMO is above the 0.5 cut-off, we conclude that EFA is valid. On the same note, Barlett’s test of sphericity was signifivant (Chi square value=584.589 and p-value of 0.00), hence we conclude that there are significant correlations in the variables (Johnson & Wichern, 2007). A cut-off for including variables was based on an Eigen value of one or more. Results for the total variance explained indicated that eight variables had an Eigen value greater than one, with a cumulative total variance explained of 70% (Table 2). As a rule of the thumb, In PCA a cut-off value of the total variance explained of 70% is deemed good enough. Varimax rotation with Kaiser normalization was applied to the factors in a bid to simplify the covariance structure. In principle, rotation aims at ensuring that a particular variable has a high loading on one factor while it has an almost zero loading on all other factors. The results of the rotation are presented in table 3 below, from which it is evident that the eight components with Eigen values above one are selected (Johnson & Wichern, 2007). A look at the components reveals that there are some reported high correlations between the components and the variables as may be expected. Looking at the first component for instance, it contributes 19.345% of the total variability (Table 2).

Funding for Public Schools Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Funding for Public Schools - Case Study Example It will also analyze the impacts, recommendations and implementation of court opinions and decisions on the West Orange-Cove case of 2005. Finally, it will bring out my own reflections of the belief I have regarding the property tax systems of the State and how it will impact on the financials of the public schools in Texas State Public school funding in Texas was first defined by an Act 'Gilmer-Aikin Act' of 1949 which enabled the establishment of a minimum foundation program. The program was designed to create a funding system that will see the State and other local sources remit revenue to the education systems. However, the system got a setback when the law suit was filed by school districts sitting issues of substantial inequity and misappropriation. The Texas Supreme Court then ruled that the Texas school funding system was unconstitutional and need to be scrapped. This resulted to the current financial system 'Robin Hood's system' which is currently in place Property taxes are revenues collected via taxes on businesses and individuals l9ivin gin the State ton finance school programs. The taxes usually contribute to about 49% of all funds that the school districts require in addition to the State and federal funds which contributes 41 and 10% respectively. Every school district has adopted two tax rates every year i.e. debt service tax rate and operations and maintenance tax rate. Adequacy and equity of funds The hotly debated issue of public financing in schools in the State has been the equity and adequacy of the funds. People argue on whether the most important goal is equity or adequacy or there is any combination of the two issues2. Equity provides equal distribution while adequacy advocates for enough funding for each and every student. Texas legislators are striving to meet a compromising level that will see the revolution of systems in Texas to fair policies that will ensure equal funds for all students and schools Most experts in the education arena are for the idea that the current systems are almost exhausted due to changing political and economic climates. To sustain a strong economy, they argue, will need an equally strong educational financial system that will be very efficient in meeting the growing demand s of the sector. Their opinion is that, districts will be able to save more of their revenues by providing quality childhood education. This will imply that the amount of money used to meet challenges of these students when they are in heir 9th grade will be lower compared to what would be needed if they obtained poor childhood education. If the current trends of court cases regarding the systems are anything to go by, then, the education system in the State will be at stake. West Orange-Cove case Texas schools coalition members, west orange-cove and other interested parties had filed a case in the courts to question the constitutional credibility of the Texas schools financing system3. San Antonio Independent School being the plaintiff in the property poor and equally poorly funded Edgewood district was involved in the case together with the others. Their claims were; 1. The schools financial system had evolved into a property tax violator thereby violating the Texas constitution, Article VIII of section 1

Critically consider whether the current law on spousal compellability Essay

Critically consider whether the current law on spousal compellability is justifiable - Essay Example law and statute and has created controversy with regard whether it remains justifiable in the contemporary societal framework, particularly in light of the complex nature of familial relationships. For example, in cases involving violence it doesn’t always follow that a spouse will be willing witness and if children are involved in the family set up, the compellability principles could create negative repercussions for the witness in the long term3. The focus of this paper is to critically evaluate whether the current law on spousal compellability is justifiable. To this end, this paper will firstly consider the common law and statutory rules, followed by a discussion of proposals for reform on the spousal compellability rule with specific reference to the Scottish recommendations to amend the law on the compellability of spousal witnesses by analogy to the position in England and Wales. With regard to the definition of spouse under the compellability rules, under section 84(1) of the Civil Partnership Act 20044, the provisions relating to spousal compellability under section 80 of the Police and Criminal Evidence Act 19845 (PACE) apply equally to a civil partner of the defendant in addition to a spouse. Therefore both civil partners and spouse are covered by the compellability provisions. Additionally, the law distinguishes between civil and criminal cases6. For example, in civil cases spouses must be competent and compellable7however different considerations apply in criminal cases8. However, the common law position has often been criticised for being unsatisfactory and Murphy comments that â€Å"there had always been felt a slight natural repugnance at the thought of spouses giving evidenced against each other†9 on grounds of risks of perjury and the risks to the validity and credibility of any such evidence given10. This sentiment is further reflected by the dissenting speech of Lord Edmund Davies in Hoskyn v Commissioner of the Police for the

LCT Task 4 English Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

LCT Task 4 English - Term Paper Example The book focuses on the social and economic pressures that were rampant in England at the time it was written. The story is set in a fictitious industrial town called Coketown, which is based on Preston during the 19th century. One of the main focuses of this novel was utilitarianism which holds that the ultimate objective of every individual is to promote general social welfare. The social struggle depicted in this novel is mostly centered on industrialists and workers. The story revolves around various characters including Thomas Gradgrind who is a wealthy ex-merchant living in Coketown. Gradgrind has devoted his life to rationalism, fact and self-interest, and this philosophy is the one that he uses in bringing up Louisa and Tom, two of his children. Tom grows up to be a sadistic hedonist while his sister Louisa constantly struggles with confusion. She later marries her father’s friend, Josiah Bounderby, a rich banker and industrialist who is thirty years her senior. In the meantime, an impoverished Stephen Blackpool, is in love with a poor factory worker but he cannot marry her as he already ahs a wife who is drunk and not loyal to him. However, he learns from Bounderby that he cannot get a divorce from his horrible wife since it is only the wealthy who are allowed to get divorced. In the end, Bounderby dies alone in Coketown’s streets while Gridgrind abandons his philosophy and decides to devote his political position to help the poor (Dickens, 1854). Persuasion by Jane Austen Persuasion was the last novel completed by Jane Austen in 1816 (Faye, 2003). This is one of the author’s novels that reflects the changes occurring in England’s social order at the time (Faye, 2003). This period was marked by many members of the peerage group losing their high places in society. The book begins with a scenario where the Elliots, an upper class family, is considering moving to a smaller residence. They want to rent out their big mansion to a navy man named Admiral Croft. Baronets such as Anne’s father were finding it difficult to maintain their spendthrift lifestyles. Anne’s family refuses her to get married to Wentworth, who they consider to be poor. However, in the end, Wentworth is able to gain wealth and finally marries Anne (Austen, 1934). How Does Plot Reveal Characters’ Social Struggle? The plot of Hard Times is divided into three sections: sowing, reaping and garnering. Sowing focuses on Mr. Gradgrind and the way that he brings up his children, especially Louisa and Tom. His high-class life philosophy is inculcated in the upbringing of the two and this later is shown to have a serious impact on their lives. Mr. Gradgrind is a strong believer that ample education based on facts and calculations is the only way to live a good life. However, later on in the book, Louisa and Tom do not benefit at all from this philosophy of the wealthy. Tom becomes a hedonist and a thief and Louisa is confused with her life and ends up making the mistake of marrying a man more than twice her age. The second part of the book introduces workers who work at the mills. Stephen Blackpool is one of the poor workers and he is presented as a â€Å"man of perfect integrity†. It is through the development of Stephen’s character in the second part of Hard Times that the morality of the nobility is contrasted with the so called morality of the lower class. Through Stephen’s character some of the issues faced by the poor workers such as not being allowed

International Politics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

International Politics - Essay Example To this the constructivists argue that customs, culture and ideas principally determine the awareness of the world that we live in. The distinctiveness and welfare of a state can be molded by ideas and this serves to have more or less lasting effects on international relations. Conflicts emerge from fundamental and controlling outcomes of standards and shared hopes, distinctiveness, culture and social processes (Baylis & Smith, 2005). The notion of liberalism maintains that in order to determine the behavior of the state, it is important to consider the state’s preferences, and does not accept the capabilities of the state for these purposes, which differ from one state to another. They are mainly dependent on the culture, economic system and the type of the government in each state. (International relations). Proponents of the dependency theory assert that all the third – world countries are not poverty stricken. In the past, these countries had been rich, but they the colonial regime exploited and impoverished them. The powerful first-world nations compelled the third world countries to integrate into the mainstream of the world economy, which rendered their economy subservient to the insatiable needs of the colonial regimes of the first-world nations. These countries were unable to satisfy the needs of their society, due to the compulsions of their colonial masters. The wealthy and industrially developed countries dominated the global economy, and were never exploited by colonialism. (The IR Theory Knowledge Base). Functionalism deals with the functionality of organizations in terms of their purposes and tasks. Most international organizations were developed to address several problems, purposes, tasks and demands. Therefore, theorists argue that the growth of these organizations was mainly based on their responsibility to sort out these issues that could arise from time to time. The neo  ­Ã¢â‚¬â€œ functionalism

Dq 8-Sheila Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Dq 8-Sheila - Essay Example Thus, a knowledge worker information system is the combination of data, computer hardware and software and processes that the knowledge worker uses to arrive at decisions in the course of their worker. The purpose of this paper is to illustrate the importance of the knowledge worker information system, together with its relevant aspects, in the work of the knowledge worker and to the organization that employs the knowledge worker as a whole. In todays competitive business environment, information is a major success factor for an organization(Brinkley, Fauth, Mahdon, & Theodoropoulou, 2013). For instance, the marketing manager needs information on the plans and actions of their competitors. These have an effect on whether or not a company succeeds. At the same time, the manager must ensure that their information system is secure and cannot be hacked into by rivals. Thus, a good knowledge worker information system must take into consideration the security of the system. Privacy is an important element of a good information system(Petter, DeLone, & McLean, 2013). The users of an information system should not worry about their personal and secret information getting into the wrong hands. This is especially important in the so-called Information Age in which cybercrime is rampant. For instance, a professor who uses Skype to deliver their lectures does not wish to have their personal information leak to their students. A proper information system can deliver useful information when it is needed(Hsu, Chu, Lin, & Lo, 2014). This is crucial because some of the decisions that the knowledge worker makes are urgent yet they far-reaching implications for the organization. For example, a production manager whose organization uses just-in-time delivery of raw materials risks losing a customer if the information system fails to inform the supplier of the need to deliver raw

Hybrid Cars Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Hybrid Cars - Research Paper Example Brief Explanation of Hybrid Cars 1 (par.2) Hybrid cars are vehicles that their engines are fusions of both electrical and gasoline engines. Hybrid cars are run on both gasoline and electrical engines and they can alternate between these engines. These hybrid cars make use of both electrical and gasoline engines and these help to provide additional power Advantage of Hybrid cars over gasoline engines 1 (par.3) Hybrid cars have been classified as green products as the presence of the electrical engines have helped to reduce the rate at which greenhouse gases are emitted into the atmosphere. The financial benefit of using hybrid cars 2 (par. 4) Joining the effort of world leaders 2 (par. 5) Thus automobile users are encouraged to make use of these hybrid cars as through this, they would contribute to the effort of the world leaders in making sure that the emission of greenhouse gases are brought to the barest minimum. Conclusion 2 (par. 6) Hybrid cars are green products that have been i ntroduced to curb the global warming that is capable of destroying our world. Thus, automobile consumers should join in this course by making use of the hybrid cars.

Coffee in the Philippines Essay Example for Free

Coffee in the Philippines Essay This Euromonitor market report provides market trend and market growth analysis of the Coffee industry in Philippines. With this market report, you’ll be able to explore in detail the changing shape and potential of the industry. You will now be able to plan and build strategy on real industry data and projections. The Coffee in Philippines market research report includes: Analysis of key supply-side and demand trends Detailed segmentation of international and local products Historic volumes and values, company and brand market shares Five year forecasts of market trends and market growth Robust and transparent market research methodology, conducted in-country Our market research reports answer questions such as: What is the market size of Coffee in Philippines? What are the major brands in Philippines? How significant is vending in coffee distribution? How does the increasing nuber of speciality coffee shops impact retail sales of coffee? What are the future prospects for instant 2-in-1 coffee, 3-in-1 coffee and 4-in-1 coffee? How are coffee pods performing in Philippines? Why buy this report? Gain competitive intelligence about market leaders Track key industry trends, opportunities and threats Inform your marketing, brand, strategy and market development, sales and supply functions This industry report originates from Passport, our Hot Drinks market research database. Each report is delivered with the following components: Report: PDF and Word Market statistics: Excel workbook SAMPLE ANALYSIS TRENDS Instant coffee mixes continued to gain popularity in both off-trade and on-trade channels in 2010. Rising demand for these products was due to the ease in preparation with minimal time involved, which is highly valued by.

Herbert Mullin Criminal Profile Essay Example for Free

Herbert Mullin Criminal Profile Essay Mullin Herbert Mullin was born in Salina California which happens to be the anniversary of the 1906 San Francisco earthquake as well as Einstein’s death. He was the youngest between him and his sibling, Patricia. He was raised by both parents Jean and Bill Mullin. He didn’t have any problems in school he was popular and physically attractive. He had a good childhood but through his life span he made a lot of wrong decisions that includes drug abuse which aggravated schizophrenia. In high school he had a lot of friends and was quite popular. He played football and had a steady relationship and was voted most likely to succeed. At the age of eighteen he attended Cabrillo College to study engineering. In the summer of 1967 he graduated with a two year degree in road engineering and enrolled at San Jose State College change his major to philosophy and took on the hippie lifestyle. At the age of twenty-one In June 1965 people began to think that his sanity was deteriorating due to the fact that he built a shrine in his bedroom to Dean, his friend that was killed in a car accident the summer after graduation. At the age of nineteen he first experienced LSD which lead him to experimenting more with marijuana and LSD. At the age of twenty one he was arrested for possession of marijuana. At the age of 21 at a family dinner he started showing signs of schizophrenia which was aggravated by drug abuse. At the age of twenty two Herbert Mullin began treatment as a resident of the community drug abuse prevention center in Santa Cruz. Later that year Herbert Mullin was committed to the psychiatric ward of San Luis Obispo County General Hospital because with is mental disorder he was a danger to others, himself and gravely disabled. A month later he was diagnosed as a paranoid schizophrenic. He was not one that cared to take his medication. In the summer of 1970 he was diagnosed as a schizo-affective schizophrenia. In 1970 he began blaming his parents for his illness and in result took them out of his will. Herbert killed people believing that if he started to kill people it will lessen the chances of another hurricane happening in his area. He did this by only killing random Caucasians from the age of 4 to 72. He bought his materials to the crime scene such as a gun, knife, and baseball bat. He was a psychotic visionary. Mullin had no developmental problems according to Erikson. He went through all the stages where he experience love and finding out what personality he wants to embrace. This is the point and time when he realizes that he is a bisexual. The motivation behind it seems to be the fact that he was born the day that Albert Einstein died and the anniversary of San Francisco Earthquake. Freud would have said that he is anticathexis because he gives off the sense that his ego is blocking the socially unacceptable needs of id. Mullin for example when he found out that his target moved he went after him and killed him as planned. Afterwards he couldn’t resist the urge to go back and kill the messenger who could have been a witness in the killing incident that happened before her and her family. Bibliography * Watts, Vernetta. Californian Guilty in 10 Murder Cases. (1973, August 20). New York Times, P. 10. Mullin, Herbert. N. P. , n. d. Web. 09 May 2013. * Santa Cruz Serial Killer, Herbert Mullin, Denied Parole Central Coast News KION/KCBA. Santa Cruz Serial Killer, Herbert Mullin, Denied Parole Central Coast News KION/KCBA. 13 May 2013 * Freudian  Theory. About. com Psychology. N. P. , n. d. Web. 16 May 2013.

A pizzeria business plan

A pizzeria business plan Executive Summary This is a business plan for a Pizzeria based on producing a differentiated product in a premium location. The objective is to differentiate the operation from any other restaurant operation based on the concept of superior quality food based on the exclusive use of premium natural ingredients for every element of the product delivered from a conventional cheese and tomato pizza to the unique menu items. At the same time the operation is such that its environmental footprint is minimized and it operates in a manner that maximizes social responsibility in every facet of its operation. Pricing relative to other Pizzerias will be premium, but compared to most of the restaurants in the same quality bracket very competitive. The longer-term plan will involve additional Sofian Eat restaurants on either an owned or franchised basis or a combination of the two. This initial plan is for the pilot operation, which will serve as a model for future openings of Sofian Eat. Essentials to success The planned operation is a restaurant. The underlying keys to successful restaurant operation are good food served in a clean and pleasant atmosphere. These are a ‘given in any successful restaurant, but in themselves are not sufficient to create any great success. â€Å"Positioning is an underleveraged restaurant marketing component. Positioning is the place you hold in the customers or prospects mind relative to the competition (the cheaper choice, the higher quality choice, et cetera). Effective positioning involves incorporation of your Unique Selling Proposition (U.S.P.).†[1] (Quantified Marketing Group, 2010) In Sofian Eat success will depend on creating a unique â€Å"product† based on the publics concern for the environment and the wholesomeness of food. This will be incorporated into a unique ambiance and menu that will provide a dining experience that hopefully customers will enjoy and wish to repeat. An important element in the overall concept is that because Sofian Eats is dedicated to concepts concerning the environment and natural food, which the client is aware of and approve, they will have an underlying â€Å"good feeling† about what they are doing when they enjoy a meal at Sofian Eats. In Principles of Marketing Dr. Philip Kotler uses the fast food industry as an example of marketing being used to sell. â€Å"Shoddy, harmful or unsafe products†, and bemoans the fact that this American approach to restaurant marketing is catching on in Europe.[2] The marketing approach used in this project is unashamedly copied from another American Company, Ben Jerrys Ice Cream that takes a totally opposite approach.[3] While not as successful as McDonalds, Ben Jerrys built a business from a single tiny location to a major company and the founders finally sold the company to Unilever in 2000. 1.0 Terms of Reference 1.1 To 1.2 From These three items are not ordinarily a part of a business plan, and I am not totally clear on what is wanted here. Clearly, I cannot fill in â€Å"to and from†. I suspect that the three items involves only a few words with the possible exception of â€Å"terms of reference†. I will gladly write something for you about this as a revision if you can tell me what it is supposed to do. Thanks. Your writer 1.3 Business Plan (Sofian Eat) The plan is for a pilot restaurant in what is hoped will become a chain or franchise operation in the long term. This plan is based entirely on the pilot project and does not include any discussion of possible future developments or expansion into additional locations. Decisions concerning this will be made based on the success of the pilot project and what is learned by operating what is planned as a unique style of restaurant operation. 1.4 Date handed in The due date of the project is 18 March 2010. 2.0 findings The research findings are based on the work of Kivela, Inbakaran and Reece[4] and Quantified Marketing Group[5], which seem to support each other closely. The consensus is that restaurant marketing is difficult, and to be successful requires very careful research and analysis. A part of the problem is that restaurateurs are just that and not professional marketers. They know how to operate a restaurant but are not ordinarily knowledgeable in modern marketing techniques. This can be considered a positive element as it potentially provides an entrepreneur that is trained in marketing a competitive advantage. The suggestion is that conventional marketing using mass media is not practical while so called neighbourhood marketing is. Invest marketing funds in persuading customers to spend more per check and return more often. 2.1 Market research The questionnaire and research approach were based on the work of Clark and Wood.[6] (Clark Wood, 1999) Their work implies that the quality, range and type of food are key determinants in consumer loyalty. Their work also suggested the nature of the target clientele of the operation. A summary of the finding of the limited sample of 25 street interviews in the target neighborhood is presented below. The questionnaire is included as an appendix. What we see in the market research is a demographic pattern that is almost ideal and emphasis on the quality of the food and variety of menu offerings as criteria for restaurant selection. The emphasis on the mid price range and above is also the target market sought. There was no pattern in the response to favorite restaurant with only one being mentioned twice and the others all individual choices. The most common response to the why is it your favorite centered on the combination of good food and pleasant atmosphere. The only surprise is that five respondents indicated that a personal relationship with the proprietor was an important factor. 2.2 Location 142 Cowan Street, Kensington, London SW1. (This is obviously a fictitious street location) 2.3 Competition The competition broadly defined is any and every restaurant or eating establishment in London, and eventually anywhere a Sofian Eat is opened. What is planned is the creation of a unique â€Å"niche† where the competition will be limited or non-existent. 2.4 Objectives mission statement The Mission of Sofian Eat is threefold: The social mission is to operate the company in a manner that recognizes the role played by businesses in society. It will facilitate this goal by developing original and innovative approaches to improve the quality of life in the areas in which it operates The product mission is to produce the finest quality all natural pizza and innovative new culinary creations. The commitment of the business is to incorporate only wholesome natural ingredients and promote business and culinary practices that respect the earth and the environment. The Economic Mission is to operate the business on a sustainable financial basis of profitable growth and expansion. This will increase the values for stakeholders while it expands opportunities for the development and career growth of the companys employees.[7] 2.5 Business name The business name will be Sofian Eat 2.6 Legal Structure The initial public structure will be a corporate structure created with the longer-term objective of selling shares in a public offering at some point down the road. 2.7 Marketing Plan The marketing plan will be based entirely on product differentiation. Any attempt to create a marketing plan based on price competition in conventional pizza or Italian food is doomed to be at best a â€Å"me too† operation. There is no shortage of pizzerias or ethnic restaurants in London or almost anywhere else. The underlying marketing plan is based almost entirely on differentiating the product and the restaurants in which it is served from the competition in terms of the restaurants dà ©cor and ambiance and the menu. The long term objective is to create a â€Å"brand† that will be difficult to duplicate and will present an immediate â€Å"picture† in the mind of the consumer when they think Sofian Eat. The fact that this operation will have a formal marketing plan is in itself a competitive advantage. A marketing consulting company, Quantified Marketing Group, has an extensive and professional discussion of restaurant marketing tactics. While there is little relevant academic research on restaurant marketing this source is a good substitute. They discuss exactly the topics underlying this project such as branding, positioning, differentiation and segmentation.[8] 2.7.1 Marketing USPs The marketing Unique Selling Propositions will include the concept that everything provided on the menu is created from wholesome natural products and produced and served in a way that is at least environmentally neutral and hopefully environmentally positive. For example, the take out pizza boxes will be made of recycled paper and biodegradable. The layout and ambiance of the restaurant will contribute further to the concept of a USP. A further USP will be menu items that are unusual and unique. For example, Sushi Pizza will be sushi served on a crisp pizza dough â€Å"platter† with individual items arranged artistically on small segments as finger food. Kebab pizza will be thin sliced roasted lamb with fresh vegetable bits and yogurt sauce. While these may not be huge volume items they will help differentiate Sofian Eat from the competition. They also emphasize the wholesome ingredients aspect of the menu. A further differentiation will be the offer of two dining rooms, one for adult dining and one for family dining with children. The ambiance will be different, and the family dining area will offer a special menu for families featuring offering that will particularly appeal to children in addition to the menu offered in the adult section. In his book Marketing Management Philip Kotler emphasizes that a USP can vary from segment to segment, but the key is that it amounts to formulating a benefit, motivation, identification or reason why the audience should think about or investigate the product.[9] 2.7.2 Marketing segmentation Obviously, any restaurant wants to appeal to the widest possible array of potential clients. Sofian Eat is aimed primarily at a relatively young and affluent audience with some refinement of taste. This would encompass singles, families with children from toddler to teens, and some older and middle-aged clients that enjoy dining out. As a pizzeria, pricing would be at the upper end of the scale of pizza restaurants, but not premium priced. If pricing were compared on comparable items, for example a 30-cm. pizza with onion, garlic, mushroom, cheese and tomato sauce the premium would be a pound or two. Conversely, the sushi pizza would be a relatively expensive item compared to most pizza products, and the kebab pizza would be several pounds more than a pizza bolognaise in the typical pizzeria. In an attempt to widen the potential market Sofian Eat would offer a variety of additional menu choices outside of the typical Italian offerings of spaghetti and Lasagna. The wine list would also have an extensive variety of quality offerings appropriately priced. 2.7.3 Product The product is the key to the potential of Sofian Eat. The insistence on pure wholesome ingredients without any chemical contaminants or preservatives is the first requirement for a differentiated product. Cooking over natural wood fires and in wood burning brick ovens is another element. Using these natural products to create innovative menu offerings such as the sushi pizza is another product innovation. Product is the ultimate key to branding and product positioning. It is the objective to convince the customer that food made of wholesome natural ingredients and prepared in an environmentally friendly or at least neutral manner is both better tasting and healthier than the alternatives offered by the competition. â€Å"Positioning is the place you hold in the customers or prospects mind relative to the competition†[10] It is also the key to branding. â€Å"Brand-building is closing the gap between what you promise and what you deliver. A strong brand is one that has alignm ent between the promise and execution.†[11] The product and product quality is the foundation of a successful restaurant brand. 2.7.4 Pricing In spite of the insistence on ingredient quality, the menu model would try to keep food costs to less than 30% of menu item price. It is envisioned that menu prices will be above pizzeria averages, but still modest compared to up-scale restaurants. They would be in keeping with the income of the target market of middle to upper income clientele. 2.7.5 Promotion Restaurant promotion is a complex subject. Initially, it has to be aimed at getting diners through the door and to a table for the first time. This is however the most expensive and least effective forms of promotion. Research has shown that new customer acquisition is 7-10 times as expensive as building sales through increasing frequency, party size and check average. Because Sofian Eat is initially at least a neighborhood restaurant, flyers, local billboards and similar media are more appropriate and hopefully more effective. A sidewalk food sample give away is a tool that has been carefully considered and is deemed worthy of an experimental effort. 2.7.6 Place The initial restaurant will be located in Kensington, London. While Kensington is a high cost and highly competitive area it also has the affluent clientele that Sofian Eat is targeting. It also has relatively high foot traffic and high rent is offset by high visibility. This is closely associated with promotion as discussed above. 2.8 Finance 2.8.1 Sources Initial investment will come from the resources of the founders and a few selected outside investors. As the operation envisioned will be fairly extensive, involve a high rent location, and will probably be cash flow negative for some months at least, substantial initial funds are required. Based on the expected success of the pilot operation in a high visibility neighborhood expansion of additional restaurants emulating the first one is considered as part of the plan. This would require substantial external financing and a public offering to finance this is anticipated. 2.8.2 Cash Flow The companys cash position is based on an equity contribution of  £1,000,000 and borrowings of  £2,000,000 repayable over 10 years starting in year 3. The company is expected to pass the break even point late in its second year of operation and obviously the cash position will deteriorate continuously to this point. It would drop to somewhere in the vicinity of  £100,000 or a bit more prior to the projected passing of the break-even point in the second half of year 2. It should improve to the point where the first payment of  £200,000 on the debt could be handled without problem in year 3. 2.8.3 Profit and Loss accounts The company is projected to loose money in its first two years with the break-even point reach in the second half of year 2. Food cost is projected to drop progressively as volume increases as a result of volume purchasing and lower waste as volume grows. In the model revenues from food and beverage sales are combined, as are their costs. Rent is based on a restaurant of 700 sq. meters with rent of  £1,200 per meter per year or  £70,000 per month,  £840,000 per year. The projected lease is for 10 years with no provision for rent increases in that period. Depreciation is based on the investment of  £1,200,000 in fixtures, dà ©cor and equipment with the depreciation based on the 10-year initial lease with a zero residual value. Selling, general and administrative and other expenses are estimated with more detailed budgeting at a later point. The tax rate is arbitrarily set at 36% over the entire period of the projection. This should prove to be conservative. In fact, in the th ree years included in the projection no tax will be due in the first two years on operating losses and in year 3 any tax due would be more than offset by loss carry forwards. The Personnel cost is based on the Personnel Model included in the financial statements show as appendices. 2.8.4 Balance Sheet The projected balance sheet presented is simplistic. The only current asset is actually cash and some small quantity of inventory. The Liabilities would be accruals of the SGA and operating expense and payroll costs. In the balance sheet model they are show as exactly offsetting current assets other than cash for the sake of simplicity. Effectively, working capital would be the cash position. In practice, the loan might well be taken down in tranches as required. Equity is shown as negative by the end of year 1 and remains negative throughout the three years projected. It would turn positive at some point in year 4 based on the projected income of over  £250,000 in year three and still growing. 2.9 Organization 2.9.1 Structure The organization of a restaurant is fixed in that there is the â€Å"front of the house†, the tables and bar where patrons are served and the â€Å"back of the house† or the kitchen. The Maitre de Hotel or headwaiter that supervises the wait staff and seats patrons runs the â€Å"front of the house†. The kitchen is obviously run by the Chef who in addition to being responsible for the recipes supervises all the actions of the kitchen staff and is responsible for purchasing the ingredients. There is a manager and assistants who are responsible for the overall operation and supervision of the till. The general manager would also be responsible for keeping records and payment of accruals and salaries.[12] 2.9.2 Motivation Virtually every text on restaurant and hotel management stresses the importance of training for the staff. Motivation is a key element in this training process. In a restaurant operation one of the obvious keys is the quality of the chef. He might be compensated on a profit sharing basis that also reflects the relationship of food cost to food revenues. In practice, the service staff is compensated in large part by tips that reflect the quality of their service and their attitudes. Motivation is not usually a problem in this area. For the other members of the staff training, fair treatment and recognition of good performance should provide the level of motivation necessary.[13] 3.0 Conclusion 3.1 Strengths The key elements that are expected to contribute to success are the differentiation of product based on the exclusive use of natural and wholesome ingredients. This combined with a prime location, attractive dà ©cor and the use of separate facilities for patrons with and without children are the elements that make Sofian Eat a unique and attractive dining experience. The underlying approach is to build a marketing plan based on product differentiation. Restaurants all serve food, and basically food is food. It does vary in quality and presentation. Sofian Eat is certainly not the only restaurant to serve premium quality food, but it is hoped that the presentation and menu combined with good value will build a solid business. 3.2 Weaknesses The most serious weaknesses as this plan is being prepared are the world economic situation, the number of strong competitors in the selected location, and the very high cost of the desirable location. The economic situation, which has produced high unemployment in the UK, has impacted the traffic of the restaurant industry as potential patrons close their pocketbooks. This is at odds with the continued premium rents commanded for prime locations. The timing of the opening is possibly the most serious weakness of the plan. 4.0 Evaluation 4.1 Internal The internal elements that are of greatest importance are the ability of the operation to differentiate itself from the many other restaurants in London based on the menu, the quality and presentation of the product, and the ambiance of the operation. It is essential that dining at Sofian Eat is a very special experience. This will result from the ability of the management to produce an operation that is superior in all respects from the opening day. The standard of every facet of the operation must be â€Å"perfection†. While this is obviously unattainable, the deviations from this standard must be few and far between. This will be the element that makes the operation a success in spite of economic difficult or strong competition. 4.2 External The primary external question is the economic situation and the recovery of the United Kingdom economy. There are no other particular external factors that will influence Sofian Eat any differently than they do any other restaurant operation. The economic situation makes the situation difficult for almost any business and starting a new business will be particularly difficult base on it. References Ben Jerrys. (2010). Ben Jerrys Mission. Retrieved March 15, 2010, from http://www.benjerry.com/activism/mission-statement/ Clark, M., Wood, R. (1999). Consumer loyalty in the restaurant industry: A preliminary exploration of the issues. British Food Journal, 101(4), 317-327. Kivela, J., Inbakaran, R., Reece, J. (2000). Consumer research in the restaurant environment. Part 3: analysis, findings and conclusions. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 12(1), 13-30. Kotler, P. (1991). Marketing Management (7th ed.). Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall. Kotler, P., Armstrong, G., Wong, V., Saunders, J. (2008). Principles of Marketing. Essex, UK: Pearson Education Ltd. Quantified Marketing Group. (2010). Restaurant Marketing Tactics. Retrieved March 16, 2010, from http://www.quantifiedmarketing.com/learning_center/restaurant-marketing.php

Pettiness of the Wealthy Exposed in The Stolen Party Essay -- Stolen P

Pettiness of the Wealthy Exposed in The Stolen Party  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚   In Liliana Heker’s short story, "The Stolen Party," Senora Ines invited Rosaura to the party for only one reason, to serve. Rosaura was a very smart girl in school, but she lacked people smarts. Senora Ines told Rosaura that she would be a guest there but tricked Rosaura into being a helper instead of a guest. Senora Ines needed Rosaura to help at the party so she mislead Rosaura by making her tasks seem as if they were privileges. Senora Ines’ deviousness ultimately devastated poor, innocent Rosaura. Rosaura was a smart yet naive girl. Heker tells us that, "she was barely nine, and one of the best in her class" (1133). But as her mother, Herminia, says, "Get away with you believing any nonsense you’re told" (Heker 1133). Rosaura felt like she was equal to Lucinda, but to Senora Ines she is nothing but the maid’s daughter, another pair of hands. Rosaura wanted a better life than her mother’s, and she thought that this might be the first step in that direction. Senora Ines was very secretive in her true intentio...

The Federalist Papers And Federalism :: essays research papers fc

The Federalist Papers and Federalism The Federalist Papers were mostly the product of two young men: Alexander Hamilton of New York, age 32, and James Madison of Virginia, age 36. Both men sometimes wrote four papers in a single week. An older scholar, John Jay, later named as first chief justice of the Supreme Court, wrote five of the papers. Hamilton, who had been an aide to Washington during the Revolution, asked Madison and Jay to help him in this project. Their purpose was to persuade the New York convention to ratify the just-drafted Constitution. They would separately write a series of letters to New York newspapers, under the pseudonym, "Publius." In the letters they would explain and defend the Constitution. Hamilton started the idea and outlined the sequence of topics to be discussed, and addressed most of them in fifty-one of the letters. Madison's Twenty-nine letters have proved to be the most memorable in their balance and ideas of governmental power. It is not clear whether The Federalist Papers, written between October 1787 and May 1788 had any effect on New York's and Virginia's ratification of the Constitution. Encyclopedia Britannica defines Federalism as, "A mode of political organization that unites independent states within a larger political framework while still allowing each state to maintain it's own political integrity" (712). Having just won a revolution against an oppressive monarchy, the American colonists were in willing to replace it with another monarchy style of government. On the other hand, their experience with the disorganization under the Articles of Confederation, due to unfair competition between the individual states, made them a little more receptive to an increase in national powers. A number of Federalist Papers argued that a new kind of balance, never achieved elsewhere was possible. The Papers were themselves a balance or compromise between the nationalist ideas of Hamilton, who wrote more for the commercial interests of New York, and the uneasiness of Madison, who shared the skepticism of distant authority widely held by Virginia farmers. In American Government and Politics Today, Madison proposed that, instead of the absolute sovereignty of each state under the Articles of Confederation. The states would retain a residual sovereignty in all areas which did not require national concern. The very process of ratification of the Constitution, he argued, symbolized the concept of federalism (77). He said: This assent and ratification is to be given by the people, not as individuals composing one entire nation, but as composing the distinct and individual States to which they respectively belong... The act, therefore, establishing the Constitution, will not be a national but a federal act (qtd in

Mariah Carey :: essays research papers

Mariah Carey, the biggest-selling female recording artist of the 1990's was born and raised in New York by her mother, a former opera singer with the New York City Opera and a vocal coach, Mariah Carey began singing at age four. By the time she was in junior high school, she had begun to write songs. After her high school graduation, she got her fist big break, singing backup for Brenda K. Starr, a break that led to her signing with Columbia Records. And now Mariah is not only a singer, but also a writer and producer. Mariah Carey has had more #1 singles than any female artist, surpassing both the Supremes (12) and Madonna (11), and more #1's than any currently active recording artist. She has had more #1 singles (14) than any artist during the 1990's and seen more singles (3) debut at #1 than any artist in history. With more #1 albums (4) than any female artist in the 1990's Mariah was the first female artist to see two of her albums (Music Box and Daydream) reach the 10 million mark in sales and is the only female artist to have eight albums certified triple-platinum or better (in Mariah's case, her entire album catalog has achieved RIAA multi-platinum status). Mariah's 1990 eponymous debut album launched an unparalleled unbroken string of successes. Mariah Carey has sold more than 12 million albums worldwide, was certified 8x RIAA-platinum, and yielded a record-setting four consecutive #1 singles: "Vision of Love," "Love Takes Time," "Someday," and "I Don't Wanna Cry." The title track of 1992's quadruple-platinum Emotions generated her fifth consecutive #1 single, placing Mariah Carey in the Top Ten All-Time achievers of Most Consecutive #1 Hits. Emotions earned Mariah two Grammy nominations ("Best Pop Vocal, Female" and, with Walter Afanasieff, "Best Producer") and an American Music Award ("Favorite Female Artist, Soul/ R&B"). On March 17, 1992, Mariah appeared on MTV Unplugged, leading to the release of Mariah's sixth #1 single ("I'll Be There") as well as an EP which has been certified triple platinum in the U.S. and has sold more than five million copies worldwide. In 1993, Mariah released Music Box, an album which as sold more than 24 million copies worldwide, has been certified ten times RIAA platinum, and generated her seventh and eighth #1 singles "Dreamlover" and "Hero" as well as the Top 10 hit "Without You." Mariah followed up with her holiday album, Merry Christmas, which sold eight million copies worldwide shortly after its release in November 1994 and has been certified quadruple platinum by the RIAA.

Succubus Heat CHAPTER 25

To her credit, Grace didn't cower. She stood firm, regaining her composure as she matched Jerome's stare with one of her own. In fact, she regained enough of herself that she remembered to avoid the rain. The drops parted around her, much as the fire had parted around Roman. Her suit and hair were dry again, crisp and perfect. â€Å"You would have done the same thing,† she told Jerome. I couldn't see Jerome's face when he spoke. â€Å"I wouldn't have got caught. You did. You failed.† â€Å"You should be impressed with my ingenuity.† She crossed her arms, almost defiant. â€Å"I'm useful to you.† â€Å"You are meaningless. I could blight you out of existence, and no one would think twice about it.† I wasn't sure about that. Demons smote each other all the time, but that didn't mean Hell liked it. It created paperwork, and if you were caught, you got sent to Hell's equivalent of prison. Grace apparently shared my doubts about how easy it would be for Jerome to kill her. â€Å"I don't think so. As it is, you'll be lucky if you have your job when you get back. You got yourself summoned.† Her eyes flicked to me and Roman, huddled together on the sand. â€Å"Your territory's in chaos. They'll send you off to a desk job-or make you somebody else's subordinate. Quite a fall from an archdemon's position.† â€Å"Not likely,† said Mei, speaking up. â€Å"Not if we spin this right. Jerome's got powerful connections. So do I. And Cedric will advocate for him.† Her willingness to help and assurance about Cedric surprised me, but then, perhaps it was back to the know-thy-enemy philosophy. Grace glared at her former counterpart. â€Å"You're the biggest fool of all here.† â€Å"Enough,† snapped Jerome. â€Å"There's been enough villainous exposition here. The matter's done.† I didn't have to see him to know he was smiling at Grace-only, I suspected it wasn't a very nice smile. â€Å"I will see you in Hell.† He snapped his fingers, and suddenly, what looked like black ice sprang up from the ground and crawled up Grace's body. She hardly had any time to scream because it coated her so quickly and then froze into place, leaving her immobile. She had become a thorny black statue. â€Å"What is that?† I breathed. â€Å"Kind of a demon stasis,† Roman murmured back. â€Å"A prison of sorts. He's ten times more powerful than her-it's an easy thing for him to do.† I wondered then just how powerful Roman really was. He'd seemed matched against Grace, but I still wasn't sure if he'd been holding back or not, for fear of detection. As it was, he now had his signature turned off, appearing as a human for all intents and purposes. He'd done it just before Mei fully materialized. â€Å"You need to get out of here,† I told him. â€Å"Wait,† he responded. Indeed, Roman seemed the least of Jerome's concerns as the archdemon studied Grace's frozen form. Her defeat had been anticlimactic, really. There had been no flashy brawl as everyone else seemed to have had today, but then, I supposed when you wielded the kind of power Jerome did, there was no need. I also had a feeling that Grace had been right about something. Even if he did have connections, Jerome probably couldn't risk doing anything rash to reestablish his control back in Seattle. He probably did want to torture her and blight her from the face of the earth, but binding her and taking her to face hellish justice-such as it was-was going to do him more good. Hell would be more kindly disposed to him if he followed their rules. He turned and faced Mei, who stood off to the side. It was the first time I'd gotten a good glimpse of my boss since his return. His face was blank and cold, but I was pretty sure I could see the fury kindling behind his eyes. Being summoned was pretty much the worst thing that could happen to a demon. â€Å"She was right to a certain extent,† he told Mei. â€Å"It could have been advantageous to turn against me.† â€Å"And be second to her?† Mei shook her head. Like Grace, she had put herself back together. â€Å"No. I won't serve you forever, believe me, but for now, I see what my best course of action is. I'm throwing my lot in with yours.† â€Å"Your loyalty is appreciated.† Mei gave a small nod of acknowledgment. Unlike Kristin and Cedric, where she served him out of love as much as duty, Mei's loyalty was all pragmatism and assessment of what could advance her. Jerome knew this and accepted it. â€Å"And it will be rewarded.† â€Å"I know it will be,† she said evenly. â€Å"And I'll have no co-lieutenant when we return?† â€Å"No. Not if I have anything to do with it.† And for the first time since I had known her, Mei smiled. Her eyes then flicked to the Grace statue. â€Å"Do you need me†¦?† â€Å"No,† said Jerome, seeming to remember us. â€Å"You can go.† Mei wasted no time. She vanished, and Jerome turned around and stared down at Roman and me. His eyes fell on me first. â€Å"So. You're here, Georgie. Why am I not surprised?† â€Å"Because I'm the only one who cared about getting you back and wasn't too lazy to do anything about it?† The ghost of a smile flickered across his lips. â€Å"Fair enough. And you will be rewarded too.† I wanted to tell him that I didn't need a reward, but Jerome had already shifted his attention to Roman. The smile faded. â€Å"You, however, have some balls in coming here.† â€Å"Must run in the family,† said Roman. As beat up as he was, he still managed mockery. â€Å"A suicidal nature does not, however. You know you're seconds away from being destroyed, don't you?† â€Å"Yeah, yeah,† said Roman. â€Å"And I'm sure killing me would help reinforce your badass status. But the truth is, I helped save you. You wouldn't be here if it wasn't for me.† I wasn't entirely sure if he'd done as much work as me in all this, but he had certainly made it easier for me. Nonetheless, even if he had actually single-handedly saved Jerome, it meant nothing. Demons didn't operate by a sense of fairness or feel obligations. Jerome affirmed as much. â€Å"I owe you nothing. If you want to risk your life, that's no concern of mine. I don't care whether you live or die.† Roman struggled to his feet. â€Å"That's not true, or else you would have killed me already. Maybe you don't owe me anything†¦and yet, you're indebted to me, even if you don't believe in paying off debts-and I think you do. You can't stand knowing you owe me.† Jerome narrowed his eyes. â€Å"What is it you want?† â€Å"Amnesty.† â€Å"What?† I squeaked. No one paid any attention to me. As far as they were concerned, they were the only two people in the world, father and son. â€Å"I'm tired of running, tired of hiding. I want a place to stay. A place I can settle down in for a while.† â€Å"You don't need me for that.† â€Å"Don't I?† asked Roman. â€Å"Any place I live, even with my signature masked, I live in fear of being discovered by the greater immortals who control it. I'm always watching my back. I want to be somewhere where I can walk around knowing I have at least some measure of protection.† â€Å"If someone else wants to kill you, I'm not going to stand in their way.† â€Å"I know that. But at least I won't have to worry on a daily basis about you being one of them.† Jerome fell silent, and to my complete and utter astonishment, I realized he was deliberating about this. I never would have thought it possible†¦and yet, as Roman had said, if Jerome's mind had been made up, he would have smote Roman already. Last fall, when we'd learned Jerome had his twin nephilim, we'd also learned that he'd had a wife long ago, a woman he loved so much that he'd fallen from grace to be with her. Did any of that love remain? Had it burned out over these millennia as a damned creature? Did he see any of her when he looked at Roman? When Jerome had helped hunt Roman and his twin, it seemed as though he didn't care. He'd even helped kill Helena. Now, I wondered if Jerome was truly as indifferent as he appeared, and I wondered if Roman had long suspected that. I knew Roman hated Jerome-probably more than he hated me-but was it worth an uneasy alliance with Jerome to have some peace? Had Roman realized playing off this paternal relationship might be the only way to buy him a temporary reprieve? Of course he had. That had been Roman's plan all along. Lingering love for Roman's mother†¦and a bit of obligation thrown in. That was why Roman had helped free Jerome-and why he hadn't wanted me to let anyone else in on what I learned, I realized wryly. Secrecy might have been a true concern, but he would have undoubtedly wanted to minimize others' involvement so that he could play a major role in Jerome's rescue and use that as leverage. â€Å"Mei knows,† said Jerome. â€Å"I can't control what she'll do.† â€Å"She doesn't,† said Roman. â€Å"I knew what Georgina sent Seth off to do, and I had shut down just before Mei arrived. She never saw my face last time, so she didn't recognize me now. She doesn't realize what I am.† â€Å"He's right,† I realized, recalling how Grace had had him in a chokehold. Roman had been gradually letting go of his power and had had very lucky timing. â€Å"Even if that's true,† said Jerome, who seemed to be growing frustrated by the logic, â€Å"I can't control what others'll do. The angels will always be a problem.† â€Å"Well, not that much of a problem.† The new voice was accompanied by the arrival of an all-too-familiar aura, one that felt crystalline and cool. Carter now stood beside us. â€Å"Welcome back.† Jerome glanced over at the angel, and for half a second, he almost looked pleased. The two of them appraised each other, probably communicating telepathically. Or maybe not. Maybe after so many eons of friendship, they no longer needed to. â€Å"I suppose you're going to advocate for him too,† said Jerome. Carter shrugged and glanced over at Roman. â€Å"I don't know.† Angels had as much of an instinct to hunt down nephilim as demons did. I thought of Carter as benevolent, but he too had helped destroy Helena. â€Å"He did help. Maybe he'll stay on good behavior.† It was a sign of how crazy things had become when Jerome and Carter seemed on the verge of letting a nephilim stick around-and that I was the one who protested. â€Å"Are you guys out of your minds?† I exclaimed. â€Å"You know what he's done! He killed those people and hurt others. For all we know, this is a scam. Let him back in Seattle, and he could try to kill others. He could try to kill you. He could try to kill me !† Everyone turned to me, seeming a bit startled by the outburst. â€Å"And here I thought we were partners,† mused Roman. â€Å"Bind him,† said Carter. â€Å"Bind him in a deal.† Jerome and Roman sized each other up, and I held my breath. An immortal deal reached a creature's soul and could not be broken without dire consequences. I'd made a couple in my life. Everything rested on Jerome now, whether he was willing to go against every immortal taboo and knowingly let a nephilim live in his territory. Finally, Jerome spoke. â€Å"I will allow you to live in my domain. During such time, I will not harm you-unless you're discovered by others and I am given no choice. I make no guarantees about other immortals who find you and offer no protection should that occur. You in turn vow not to implicate me in any way for doing this. You promise not to harm me or any other immortals who cross into my territory, unless it's self-defense-or unless I've given my okay. You also promise to harm none of my subordinates†-he glanced at me-â€Å"anywhere in the world.† â€Å"I accept,† said Roman gravely. â€Å"And,† added Jerome, a sharp glint in his eyes, â€Å"you vow to be available should I require your services in a defensive, covert, or-in very rare conditions-offensive way.† There it was. The reason Jerome could go along with something like this. In offering Roman sanctuary, he was bargaining to have a secret nephilim agent, a powerful weapon none of his enemies knew about it. I'd never heard of anything like this. â€Å"I accept with the condition that I won't kill on your command,† Roman said at last. Jerome considered. â€Å"Agreed. The terms of this deal end should you at any time openly renounce my amnesty. Or if I also declare the deal null and void.† â€Å"I want a time frame on that,† said Roman wryly. â€Å"When does my lease expire?† â€Å"A century. Then we'll renegotiate.† â€Å"I accept it all, then.† â€Å"And I agree to the same amnesty terms as Jerome,† piped in Carter. â€Å"Except I don't need you to spy or kill for me.† â€Å"Agreed,† said Roman. It was all so terribly formal, and my presence felt complete superfluous. All three of them shook hands, and as they did, power burned in the air, binding them all to what they'd agreed. â€Å"Well,† said Jerome briskly. â€Å"Now that that's done, I'm going back to clean up the mess that's been made in my absence.† He gave Roman a wry look. â€Å"Considering you aren't technically in my territory yet, I'd advise you-† Jerome suddenly stopped and scanned the beach. â€Å"What about the other summoner? The human one? Was he here?† I looked around as well. The beach was empty. â€Å"It was Dante†¦Ã¢â‚¬  I said slowly. Jerome rolled his eyes. â€Å"Typical. Where is he now?† â€Å"I don't know,† I said honestly. â€Å"Grace beat him up.† I'd worried he was dead, but apparently not. Glancing over to where he'd been lying, I saw what looked like tracks in the sand where he'd been dragged off. I decided to keep that to myself. â€Å"Wonderful,† said Jerome. Turning back toward us, he scrutinized me. â€Å"You will keep this deal to yourself, Georgie. And we'll discuss your reward another day.† He disappeared and with him, the Grace statue. I didn't envy her. Roman, Carter, and I started walking back toward the parking lot. I couldn't speak for them, but my mind was reeling with everything that had happened. â€Å"Did you see what happened to Dante?† I asked Roman. â€Å"Afraid I was kind of busy. What happened to Mortensen after he called Mei?† â€Å"I told him to leave, and I think†¦Ã¢â‚¬  I hesitated, not entirely sure how I knew this, unless it was just my understanding of Seth's nature. â€Å"I think Seth may have carried him off in the confusion. Oh man, he actually listened to me.† The parking lot was empty. My car was gone. â€Å"They took my car,† I explained. I honestly hadn't thought Seth would, despite my pleas for him to leave. â€Å"Wow,† said Roman, clearly delighted. â€Å"Your ex-boyfriend helped save your current boyfriend and then stole your car. Or-well, wait-is Mortensen your boyfriend now? Did he technically save your ex?† â€Å"Oh, shut up. It doesn't matter. We don't have a way to get back.† â€Å"Did you tell him to take the car?† asked Carter. â€Å"Yeah. I told him to get far away. I wanted him safe, and I guess he listened.† â€Å"Depends on how you define it,† said Roman. â€Å"Him coming back for the other guy put him in the demon line of fire. Why would he do that for someone he didn't like?† I stared at the empty parking spot. â€Å"Because he's Seth.† Carter seemed as nonchalant about all this as Dante. â€Å"Well, it's a good thing I'm here, huh?† He rested his hands on our shoulders, and I braced myself for immortal teleportation. â€Å"Ready for a ride home?† â€Å"It beats walking,† I said. Carter paused and gave Roman a curious glance. â€Å"What are you going to do for a home?† Roman was thoughtful for a moment. â€Å"Well, I hear Georgina's moving to a bigger place.† He glanced over at me with one of his beautiful grins. â€Å"Need a roommate?†

Mis Grameenphone

Mis in Grameen Ph iodin and further(a) chapter 01 intromission way and giving medications facing constantly incessantly- changing problems, diverse managerial styles, and ever chip in culture requisite offer a ch ei in that respectnging context for developing reckoner based learning transcriptions. A focal point info show upline (MIS) is a carcass or sue that contributes study essential to manage ecesiss goodly. oversight education dusts (MIS) employs the desegregation of study engineering in achieving the ask and objectives of the general locomoteforce, managers and their organization.The victimization of MIS in organizations attends in somatic executives in applying efficient and in effect(p) schooling technology-based practice and scotch closes. With freshfangled trends in entropy technology, managers and organizations go awaying face much than than advance and flexible oversight of organisational entropy. c ar breeding trunks be regarded to be a subset of the over both internal perplex gots procedures in a pargonntage, which cover the practise of people, documents, technologies, and procedures utilize by caution accountants to solve parley channel problems much(prenominal) as existing a product, divine service or a bank line-wide strategy.Academic on the wholey, the bound is comm and utilise to refer to the conference of data counsel methods tied to the automation or yield of human close make, e. g. finale contain establishments, Expert organisations, and administrator tuition arrangements. The terms MIS and instruction frame atomic number 18 often conf social occasiond. MIS is close to durations referred to, in a restrictive sense, as knowledge technology focus. That ara of study should non be conf delectationd with com dresser science. IT service c be is a practitioner- rivet discipline.MIS has in either case some differences with Enterprise Resource Planning ( ERP) as ERP incorpo grade elements that atomic number 18 not necessarily foc up come upond on finish tolerate. MIS enforces computer technology to provide in stratumation and decision yield to managers, helping them becomes more effective. suppurations in the unripe computer indus punctuate are changing corporate vigilance style. Managers at all aims use similar info. Operating managers fit in selective development which is timely, precise, detailed, internal and historical.Upper level managers command entropy which is aggregated, external as tumesce as internal, future oriented as well as historical and practical application a commodiouser span time. An effective MIS put upnot be built without vi equal to(p) information charge tools. Such tools were not in general available previously. Moreover, approximately organizations did not efficaciously use DBMS technology until twain decades in the first place. Most organizations these days rely heavily on thei r IT bodys. An important key to a successful MIS is the effective management of an organizations selective information resources. hapter 02 Management information schema 2. 1 MIS definition- Management information scheme is the confederacy of men, machine and procedures for collecting related information from the internal and external sources of an organization, and use these information for the purpose of decision devising. Anformer(a) government agency it stooge say it is the integrated transcription of man and machine which provides information fight for the decision making in the organization. MIS also can define as a computer-based information system. According to Jorge M.Scott, MIS is comprehensive and twinned setoff information subsystems which are rationally integrated and which transform info into information in a variety of ship canal to enhance productivity in obligingness with the managers style and characteristics on the basis of established quality criteria . 2. 2 screenings of MIS MIS has become an integral part of the organizations innovation and application on several particularized areas. These include strategy births, data impact and job accomplishance development. MIS transforms data into utilitarian information to formulate effective management decisions.Data bear on by MIS allows organization of wide quantity of business data and provides blue-chip time-saving benefits for the organization. Job effect of the organizations human resources is greatly affected with the establishment of an MIS. Employees leave behind look at more efficient and effective shipway in handling data and information. 2. 3 Elements of a operable MIS A useful MIS has five elements which include timeliness, accuracy, consistency, completeness and relevance. The efficacy of an MIS impart be deterred whenever one or more elements are compromised.The element of timeliness signifies that an organizations MIS can provide and distribute current i nformation to its users. Processed information from MIS essential be accurate and free from flaws. MIS consistency in handling data moldiness be taken into consideration for well-defined, documented processes and capability to adapt with a dynamic environment. Management needs complete and related information in a summarized format to ward off information overload. The MIS must be able to provide the management with applicable data for effective planning and decision making. 2. 4 Advantages of MIS An MIS provides m any benefits to the organization.Primarily, it facilitates organisational planning. MIS enhances the sound decision-making skills of the management by providing relevant information. Secondly, MIS minimizes information inordinateness by summarizing this in standard formats for managers to wipe out detailed and concise reports. Thirdly, MIS facilities bring integrating to an organization as it keeps revolutionary(prenominal)wise departments up on(predicate) wi th existing problems and needs. Lastly, MIS makes managerial agree easier. This gives management the ability to assess and improve the organizations performance. 2. 5 MIS classification MIS is a concept, which is a liaison of degree rather than an absolute one.In management there are perhaps hardly a(prenominal) another(prenominal) areas other than MIS which gas reachd so much controversy. We would make an attempt to try to look into several(predicate) types of MIS as they adopt evolved during the course of time. 1) Transaction Processing ashes (TPS) 2) Management schooling System (MIS) 3) finale Support System (DSS) 4) executive director Support System (ESS) 1) Transaction Processing System It processes dealingss and produces reports. I t represents the automation of fundamental, routine processing used to support business operations. It does not provide any information to the user for decision making.TPS uses data and produces data. 2) Management Information System MIS in an information system that processes data and converts it into information. A management information system uses TPS for its data inputs. The information generated by the information system may be used for control of operations, strategic and long-range planning, short-range planning, management control and other managerial problem solving. 3) Decision Support System A decision support system is an information system application that assists decision-making. DSS tends to be used in planning, analyzing alternatives and trial and error see solutions.They incorporate a variety of decision-making models and gum olibanum area capable of performing what-if analysis. 4) Executive Support System An ESS is a especial(a) kind of DSS. It is specially tailored for the use of chief executives of an organization to support his decision-making. thusly ESS is a comprehensive information system that includes various type s of decision support systems, but it is more specialised and person oriented. 2. 6 Objective of MIS on that point are ternion rudimentary objectives of MIS are discussed below 1. Operational control It is the process of assuring that the specific tasks are carried out efficiently and effectively. 2.Management control It is the process by which managers ensure that resources are obtained and used effectively and efficiently in the accomplishment of organizational objectives. 3. Strategic planning It is the process of deciding on objective of the organization, on substitute in these objectives and on the policies that govern the acquisition, use and disposition of these resources. The nature and extent of information demand for these purpose greatly depends upon the business environment in which it ope range. As subaltern or medium size organization do not have the resources or the organization to have a authoritative information system. . 8 Characteristics of MIS The following are the characteristics feature of an MIS (a) Management oriented This is the some significant characteristics of MIS the system is designed from the masking d deliver. This does not mean that the system will be geared to providing information instantly to top management rather, it means that the system development starts from an appraisal of management needs and overall business objective. It is possible that center management or operating management is the focus of the system, much(prenominal) that their needs are the cornerstone on which the system is built. b) Management directed Because of the management orientation of MIS, it is unequivocal that management activity direct the system development efforts involvement is not enough. It is obsolete to find an MIS where the manager himself or a high-level reprehensive of his department is not pass a good deal of time in system design. (c) Integrated integration is significant because of the ability to produce more meaningful management information. For example. in stray to develop an eff ective outturn computer programing system , we must balance , such factors as * Set up be * Work force Overtime rates * Production capacity * Inventory levels * uppercase requirements * guest service A system that ignores one of these elements inventory, level for example is not providing management with an optional schedule. (d) Common data devolve Because of the integration concept of MIS there is an opportunity to avoid duplication and tediousness in data gathering, computer storage and spread for example- customer assigns are the basis for var. the customer for goods ordered, setting up the accounts receivable, initiating business activity, sales analysis, sales forecasting and so on. e) Heavy planning element Management information system does not take place overnight, they take from threesome to five old age and longer to fit established unwaveringly within a community. Therefore a heavy planning element must be present in MIS development. (f) sub system c oncept (g) Flexibility and docile of use (h) Database (i) Distributed data processing (j) Information as a resource 2. 8 utilizations of MIS (The performance monitoring role) The MIS has many roles to perform like the decision support role, the performance monitoring role and the functional support role.MIS are not just statistics and data analysis. They have to be used as an MBO (Management by Objectives) tool. They help * To establish relevant and measurable objectives * To monitor results and performances (reach ratios) * To send alerts, in some cases daily, to managers at each level of the organization, on all deviations in the midst of results and pre-established objectives and budgets. * The Functional Support Role Business processes and operations support function is the close to(prenominal) base. It involves collecting, destroying, storing, and staple fiber processing of data.Information systems support business processes and operations by * Recording, storing and pr ocessing sales data, acquire data, investment data, payroll data and other accounting records * Recording, storing and processing inventory data, work in process data, equipment repair and sustentation data, supply chain data, and other production/operations records * Recording, storing and processing personnel data, salary data, employment histories, and other human resources records * Recording, storing and processing market place data, customer profiles, customer buy histories, marketing re attempt data, advertising data, and other marketing records * Recording, storing an processing business learning data, competitor analysis data, industry data, corporate objectives, and other strategic management records use of all the above to implement, control, and monitor plans, strategies, tactics, new products, new business models or new business ventures. * The Decision Support Role The business decision making support function goes one step further. Decision making is an integral part of the carrying out of any organization. To facilitate Decision making in this ever- free-enterprise(a) world it is imperative that managers have the duty information at the right time to bridge the gap between need and expectation. To facilitate better flow of information adequate Management Information Systems (MIS) is the need of the hour.Thus it is important to have an dread of the MIS followed in an organization by all levels of management in order to take effective decisions. A management information system collects and processes data (information) and provides it to managers at all levels who use it for decision making, planning, program implementation, and control. 2. 9 Risks of MIS Management risks show the likelihood of economic events that could negatively affect the operations or earnings of the organization. Management decisions based on erroneous, ineffective or imperfect MIS may boost the risks in specific areas such as commodity pricing, beau mondes liquidit y, interest rates or foreign currency.A non-secure or seedy programmed MIS can result into hacking, data manipulation, wildcat data access and routine work disruption that can result to senseless management decisions or planning. chapter 03 COMPANY OVERVIEW GRAMEENPHONE GRAMEENPHONE is the largest restless foretell smart set in Bangladesh. In the midst of lack of colloquy means, GRAMEENPHONE has introduced an effective and user-friendly peregrine phone mesh topology. It has put a positive impact on the lifestyle of the people of Bangladesh. 3. 1 self-control TELENOR owns 62% of GP. It is the state-owned telecommunication company in Norway operating since 1885. It is amongst the oldest, most sophisticated, and diversified telecom companies in the world.The company has a long history of successful cooperation with other operators and governments in and out of Norway. TELENORs home base, Norway, has the highest density of unsettled phones in the world and one of the most c ompetitive markets in the field. TELENOR has been playing a pioneering role in the development of GSM, one the latest and most successful versions of cellular technologies. GRAMEEN Telecom the second largest shareholder owning 35% of GP, has been established by GRAMEEN assert, which believes that a lack of communication facilities in the rural areas is one of the major obstacles to rapid economic development in the rural areas of Bangladesh.GRAMEEN Telecoms deep sense of the people and culture of Bangladesh helps GP to build up convenient and cost-effective communication facilities in the rural areas, which in turn, create more jobs and open up business opportunities there. Marubeni Corporation is one of the largest general merchandise and investment companies in Japan. The company has a global business network that oversees a number of operations ranging from domestic export and import to offshore trade and retail marketing of finished products. Marubeni invests in manufacturin g facilities and theme projects, including in the telecommunications sector. The company owns 9. 5% of GP. Gonofone Development Corp. which owns 4. 5% of GP, is a telecommunications development company based in New York.In addition, three leading international financial institutions the multinational Finance Corporation, Asian Development Bank and the Commonwealth Development Corporation are also shareholders of GrameenPhone. The three organizations each hold three per cent of preferred shares of GrameenPhone. 4. 2 License and Network GrameenPhone currently holds both a GSM 900 and a GSM 1800 license. The government has not yet announced any plans to final result UMTS licenses in Bangladesh. With the initiative of GrameenPhone, mobile phones are spreading rapidly throughout the country. A huge portion of Bangladesh is under GrameenPhones reportage at a time. Today, more than one in three telephones in Dhaka and Chittagong are mobiles.GrameenPhones network is divided into seste t zones according to the divisional borders Dhaka Zone, Chittagong Zone, Khulna Zone, Sylhet Zone, Barisal Zone and Rajshahi Zone. Currently GP is operating in all six zones. The zone in which a lector is registered with GrameenPhone is that subscribers Home Zone, and all other zones are Remote Zones. GrameenPhone offers the widest coverage in Bangladesh. The universe coverage has increased from approximately 85% in 2005 to above 90% in 2006. In addition, GrameenPhone also offers GPRS in most of the country and EDGE in urban areas. 3. 2. 1 Specialties GSM Mobile Operator, Telecommunication dish up Provider. 3. 2. 2 Healthline and BillPayIn 2006, GrameenPhone introduced HealthLine, providing around the measure access to medical services for its subscribers via the mobile phone, and BillPay, allowing utility aeronaut payments with the mobile phone in selected areas. 3. 3 Products Under perspective Paid assistance there are two products 1) GP-GP Regular 2) GP-GP National 3. 3. 1 Subscribers Facilities Grameenphone subscribers enjoy the following GSM features without bearing any supernumerary costs * squaller ID * reverberate Waiting * Call Conference * Call Divert * Call Barring * value Added Services * joint Mail Service (VMS) * Short Message Service (SMS) * facsimile machine and Data Service (currently available only to corporate clients) * Pre-Paid Service chapter 04 MIS IN GRAMEENPHONEIn todays world of ever change magnitude complexities of carrying out business, every organization, in order to survive and grow, must have a properly planned, analyzed, designed and maintained MIS. This need is even more increased because organizations now have to compete not only locally but also globally. study organizational functions In GRAMEENPHONE major organizational functions- * gross sales & Marketing * study functions of systems Sales management, market research, promotion, pricing, new products * major(ip) application systems Sales order info system, m arket research system, pricing system * backing and story * Major functions of systems Budgeting, general book, billing, cost accounting * Major application systems familiar ledger, accounts receivable, accounts payable, budgeting, funds management systems * Human Resources * Major functions of systems Personnel records, benefits, compensation, labor relations, training * Major application systems paysheet, employee records, benefit systems, career passage systems, personnel training systems * Customer communication * Net operative * Data Storage * Utility bill payment system * Software Integrates Facets * Planning, Manufacturing, Inventory, Sales, Finance, Accounting * Transactions Alert All involved Factors * Updates Files, Speeds, Action, Cuts Cost * Electronic commerce * mesh Links Buyers, Sellers * Lowers Transaction Costs Goods & Services, Advertised, Bought, transfer Worldwide * Business-To-Business Transactions, Increasing. In Grameenphone Company MIS is largely nee ded at every sensation of moment. Without managing the total information related with employees and customers it can not operates its functions. Computer technology everywhere related of the company. The company realizes the potential and sizeableness of information technology and to manage this information for the decision making. The MIS has greatly facilitated and synchronized the information flow in the organization and the management feels that is has compete a role in the growth and increased performance of the company Organization computing resources Software Resources-Following software product program packages are used for the functioning of our information system and organization 1) Application Software Following application softwares are used in our organization and functioning of our information system * Microsoft Office * NOD32 Anti-Virus * Adobe Reader 2) System Software Following application softwares are used in our organization and functioning of our informat ion system * Operating System (Windows XP and Linux) for PCs. * Windows 2003 boniface for mainframes. Hardware Resources- Following hardware resources are required for the functionality of IS and organization * Personal computers * formula Document Scanners * HP Printers TPS in Grameenphone in effect(p) transaction processing system is working in Grameenphone for official transactions, customer dealing, etc Payroll TPS Grameenphones payroll TPS is designed to get information and record about employers and employees stored in computers. It get information about the employee from the employees department and send it to payroll TPS from where it tie in that information with the previous record and adjust a report which is forwarded to management. Decision making about organizational function taken throw managing all this information. Management takes record of the employees efficiency to work and may declare added bonus or other incentive. And the record is updated in the general l edger as well as the gain payroll (HUB). Customer IdentificationAt customer care centers data storage about customers this company also use computer technology. Collecting and gathering information about customers, dealing with them for products and services, offering new services to them, solving their problems for service by customer managers all are provided by computer application systems. Online Activity GP allows the customer the option of online uses. Purpose calling with the organization. Input Name, resume. Process The information will send to organization server (HUB). outfit evaluate and select candidate. Sim card operations Different sim card operations and transaction maintain by computer programs.Call rate, SMS rate, Voice messages record and flexi load transactions, handset facilities, additional service- all are maintain by computers which depends on information systems. MIS uses on these functions gives company better option to reach its own destiny. Telecommunic ation networking cannot thinkable without information system management. Every call, call-charges, talk-time duration, GSM Features and Value Added Services (all control by computer applications which is set before by computer application programs including different information. Relationship of MIS with TPS MIS reports and summarizes the organizations basic operations and these reports come from the basic passageway processing systems.In case of GP organization the TPSs of Recharge Cards, Payroll and Customer identification etc. provide the basic information about the organizations activities. These activities are because summarized in the form of reports for the manager so that they can read whether the firm is working properly or not. If there are some flaws therefore they take control measures to fix those flaws. chapter 04 closing curtain It would appear that the role played by MIS within the study companies is undergoing a dot of intense transformationfor many this invol ves a total rethink of their systems, and the way in which they are managed. IT representatives would appear to be sloughing their image of pure technologists.Instead, all displayed a keen interest in, and awareness of, the competitive pressures facing their organizations, and how managing information system could be used to assist in combating them. As part of the knowledge of the importance of business issues, there is a concurrent recognition of the importance of information, and it play improving customer servicea key discriminator in environments where products are essentially the same. The family relationship between management attitudes and the role played by information system is an elicit one. Without support from management it would appear that MIS will never be deployed in advanced(a) ways.But if MIS does not prove its potential then management will remain distinctly cool and unenthusiastic about its use. This would await to be particularly true in areas where the company is operating in a relatively stable climate with elfin or no opposition. If information systems are to be deployed effectively in the organizational arena, and to realize their full potential, strategic or otherwise, such issues must continue to rebel up the corporate agenda. Similarly, senior managers must realize that in the continuing search for competitive advantage in an ever more dynamic climate, IS management could, as has been widely maintained, be one of their most valuable (yet underdeveloped) organizational capabilities.This is a universally accepted fact that all managerial functions are performed through decision making. For pickings rational decisions, timely and reliable information is essential and is procured through a rational method of information collecting, processing and disseminating to decision makers. MIS assist decision makers, by providing the required information at various stages of decision making and thus greatly help the organization to ach ieve its goals and objectives. On the other hand, if an MIS is poorly planned and constructed, it may provide inaccurate, irrelevant or obsolete information, which may even prove fatal for the organization.