Proposal to help fight against domestic violence in Pocatello, Idaho

Table of Contents Solution Benefits Cost Analysis Conclusion Works Cited Domestic violence is a problem that is prevalent in the American society and latest statistics show that it is running out of control. Therefore effort must be made to stem the spread of this vice which has now been declared a criminal offence.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Proposal to help fight against domestic violence in Pocatello, Idaho specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More While statistics explain the extent to which this social vice has been ingrained in the society, the social vice is having a number of effects. It problem has been declared as a criminal offence as well as a social and health issue. It affects men, women as well as children in equal measure. Women and children however are the largest number of victims of domestic violence in America (Hayward, Steiner and Sproule para 1). The offence includes the physical attacks, ps ychological torture, economic manipulation as well as sexual abuse and harassment. These abuses have both short term and long term effects and leaves the victim in a poor emotional, social and even economic state (para 2). Furthermore those victims abused by an intimate partner tend to have more emotional, mental and physical consequences than those who that are victims of attacks from strangers. There have been attempts to record statistic on the occurrence of this crime by state. In Idaho alone, it has been reported that about 6177 domestic violence incidences occurred in the year 2009. This is a worrying statistics and shows that at least 17 cases happen every 24 hours (Laird para 1). As such, the family, which is the basic unit that forms the society, is bearing the brunt of this social vice. Therefore there is need to intensify the fight against domestic violence. Several programs have been put in place to stop the vice. This includes jail terms for offenders, legal fines, rest rictions and incarceration. Other programs include behavioral and attitudinal modification for the offenders (Hayward Steiner and Sproule para 4). However this seems not to be enough. More partners such as corporate organization need to be engaged in activities that involve the sensitization of the society at the family level. Therefore Walmart has organized a sensitization program in Pocatello, Idaho. Solution Having realized the need to involve the family unit in dealing with this vice, Walmart has organized a sensitization program that will involve the education of whole family to increase awareness on the issue.Advertising Looking for essay on business communication? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Walmart will team up with like minded companies and corporate organizations, in the organization of the event that has been dabbed â€Å"Walmart Stands Up Against Domestic Violence.† The purpose of the vent will be to inv olve the family in several ways. During the event all family members including children will be encouraged to engage in positive dialogue at home as a way of enhancing peace and constructive domestic conflict resolution (Daya para 3). This will help avert situations that would degenerate into domestic violence. The family unit will also be educated about the gross effects of the vice and the possible counter effects. Each family member will also be sensitized on the roles they should play as individual’s at home and even in the society to avert the crisis. Most importantly attendants will be given useful information on groups that they can turn to for help should they fall victims to domestic violence. The event organizers will also have session’s where people are informed of the legal options available in the state of Idaho that deals with domestic violence. Lastly, attendants will be educated on how to identify traits and signs in their partners and take cover before they fall victims. There are several business communities that will be involved in the event. They are Family Service Alliance, Ridleys Family Markets and Rose Park Aquatic Complex. Each of these will have specific roles they will play in making the event a success. Family Services Alliance will provide information and education services for attendants. While Rose Park Aquatic Complex will organize parallel recreational and entertainment activities such as swimming and face painting for children, the parents can use that opportunity to visits family services alliances stands and get useful information about domestic violence (Daya para 2). Educators will provide and use such educational, materials such as brochures and posters. These two materials contains condensed information, while booklets, information guides and reports are a bit detailed and will be used for further learning and reference (OPDV para 1).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Proposal to help f ight against domestic violence in Pocatello, Idaho specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The organization will also organize open forums for adults with the intention of getting the public opinion on the vice and possible methods to eliminate it. Rose Park Aquatic Complex will play the host and has volunteered to provide the following services during the three day event. They will provide catering for volunteers, and participating teams free of charge but will also set up a temporary cafà © for family snacks. The host will also provide recreational facilities such as swimming competition for children, face painting as well bouncing castles. There will also be adult fun events such as tag of war. Ridley Family Markets will provide support staff that will be very handy in coordinating the event. It will also provide refreshments and snacks offer to transport volunteers to and from the venue. Benefits The benefits of this event cannot be qua ntified as there would be no proper mechanism for that. However, there will be certain achievement that can be identified at the end of the event. Most importantly, the event, being held for three days, will increase awareness of the problem in the Pocatello, Idaho community (Lehmann para 3). This is because part of the training will involve statistics of the nature and trend that the vice assumes. The participants will also be encouraged to share the information during the event with any person who they know is a victim of domestic violence. This information will include contact for support groups for such victims. The event organizer will also importantly gather public opinion and knowledge on the vice, which will be use in further developing educational materials for future events. The event has also established mechanism for any participant who wants to share information in confidence. Such will include participants who want to share persona experiences or reveal names of possib le victim they are aware of. Should such people be identified follow up will follow with the aim of linking them with relevant support groups. Most importantly the event organizers have organized dramatized scenarios that highlight the importance of dialogue in resolving family conflict. In addition to these benefits, the participating business organizations will benefit greatly from such social events. They will have an opportunity to team up together and show concern for the community. Such community involvement will enhance the businesses’ publicity that will improve the companies’ public image and popularity.Advertising Looking for essay on business communication? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Moreover the vent will be used by Walmart to prove that it embraces fair competition from small business such as Ridleys. Walmart will also use the event to market its promotion that is offering discounted family packs such as breakfast, sanitary, laundry as well as soft drinks for the local Pocatello community in its local outlet. Cost Analysis The following is the break down of the costs for the three day event: US$ 5000 for renting Rose Park Aquatic Complex recreational facilities like swimming pools, bouncing castles and swings US$ 2000 for refreshments for volunteers US$ 4000 For advertising and printing educational materials US$ 1000 for paramedics, security and firefighting services US$ 500 for hiring portable restrooms The grand total budget for the vent is US$ 12500 Conclusion Domestic violence is real and happens to common people every day. It is a vice that should not be tolerated because it is the violation of human rights the supreme constitution seeks to uphold. Stat istics prove that more people than imagined are victims of such heinous acts. As such there is need to involve the family by the way of helping it acknolwged that the problem persist and that it’s the family that stands to loose. Sensitizing the family will involve the corporate world. Companies will thus get this opportunity to show that they care for the family unit and by being involved business organization will prove that they are concerned about the social welfare and development of the family. Walmart will as use this event to show that it cares for the family by running a parallel promotion that offers family goods at a discount to the local community. This will boost the organizations public image. Works Cited DAYA. â€Å"Daya’s â€Å"One Voice† Initiative During Domestic Violence Awareness Month.† Indo American News. 2010. Web. Hayward, Karen., Steiner, Susan and Sproule, Kathy. â€Å"Women’s Perceptions of the Impact of a Domestic Viole nce Treatment Program for Male Perpetrators.† Med Scape Today. 2007. Web. Laird, Darien. â€Å"Pocatello Aims To Halt Domestic Violence: Family Services Alliance Kicks Off Awareness Month Activities†. Local News. 2010. Web. Lehmann, Christine . Campaign Vows to Raise Awareness of Domestic Violence. Psychiatric News. 2001. Web. OPDV. â€Å"Publications Public Education Materials.† 2010. Web. This essay on Proposal to help fight against domestic violence in Pocatello, Idaho was written and submitted by user Sariyah Q. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Loss of a Father essays

Loss of a Father essays Danny, all I had to do was say his name and peoples faces would light up, thats the kind of person my Dad was. He was the life of a party, I could not have asked for a more loving and caring Father. Unfortunately, my time with him was cut short when he died when I was only eight years old. Looking back on my life, the night my Dad got sick, the seven months he spent in the hospital, and his death, have all had a tremendous impact on the way that I live my life. I remember the night that started it all like it was yesterday. It was a couple of days after my brothers sixth birthday, and my whole family was sitting in the living room watching TV. As soon as a commercial came on I went into my room to try on new earrings that I had just received. Immediately after I get them in, my brother comes running into my room telling me that Dad is going to go to the hospital. I can remember brushing him off, something like this could never happen to me, I thought. Finally, just to be sure, I followed him into the living room where my Dad was laying in the sofa with an ice pack on his head and my neighbor was calling 911. I was in disbelief, and wanted to do everything that I could do to help so I went and waved down the ambulance. That was the last night that I talked to my Dad, the last time we would all sit down and watch TV as a family, like we had done every night before. For the next, and last seven months of my Dads life, he was laying in a bed, lifeless, in a comma. We would go across the lake to visit him almost every day, and I can remember how happy he would get when he saw his kids. It scared me to see him lying there unable to talk, because my dad always had something to say. After a while, he was able to blink his eyes or squeeze your hand to answer yes or no. I can remember going to school and my friends telling me that there moms said that if my dad lived that we would be paralyzed. ...

Essay on Transsexualism

Essay on Transsexualism Essay on Transsexualism This is a free sample essay on Transsexualism: In 1952, few Americans were familiar with the concept of transsexualism. It was difficult to understand or acknowledge that gender was not synonymous with sex; that is, most people believed that the anatomy with which a child was born would indisputably influence his or her behavior, disposition, career choices, tastes and sexual preferences in one of two ways: male, or female. It was in that year that Christine Jorgensen was born. Christine Jorgensen was in fact a pseudonym for a 26 year old ex-GI from the Bronx named George. Since childhood Jorgensen had been haunted by his place in the sexual binary system, pulled like a magnet to a female identity despite his male genitals. He had finally decided to seek sex-reassignment surgery, an operation that was not available in America but was crudely performed by some doctors in Denmark (Brown et. al). Eventually details of Jorgensens surgery were leaked to reporters and the Daily News screamed EX-GI BECOMES BLONDE BOMBSHELL one quiet morning in December, propelling America into a frenzy of shock, outrage, and curiosity. Some people even saw the fact and publicity of such an event as an important landmark in the destruction of all moral and societal good. What most Americans and other Western citizens didnt know was that a rich history of transsexualism, transgenderism and/or gender variation had been alive and celebrated in many Non-Western societies for innumerabl e years. The Two-Spirited people of the various American Indian tribes and pre-contact south- and central-Americans are arguably the most interesting example of unique transgenderal customs, beliefs, and societal significance. Two-Spirited people, first written about in Western literature in the late sixteenth-century, were called bardaja or berdaches by European missionaries (Trexler). These words indicated a receptive role in sodomy and derived from the Persian bardah prisoner or kept boy. Despite evidence that some berdaches did provide homo-sexual services for warriors in central American tribes and the apparent frequency with which they took same-sex lovers, these individuals played a primarily gender-based, rather than sexual, role. In some cases this gender role was functional, such as in the incidences of female-born children being raised as boys to facilitate a fathers hunting in the Inuit subsistence based economies. Similarly, in families whose children had all been born male, a child in present-day Colombia may have been given a female gender to fill the role of fathers servant or caretaker of a sick mother. Generally these individuals would retain their given-gender for the rest of their live s (Trexler). It is important to realize, however, that in most indigenous cultures, the child raised Two-Spirit was not simply raised in the opposite gender role, but as a combination of the two, as notes Roscoe in The Zuni Man-Woman: [A] male lhamana would take on roles that not only included male occupational status such as farmer, weaver, shaman and story-teller, but potter and housekeeper as well, which were female roles (126). On the other hand, the majority of research on Two-Spirited people has revealed a gender role that is more spiritual than functional. In stark contrast to Europeans, indigenous Americans did not generally view the existence of a third gender as an abnormal phenomenon, but instead as a unique blend of male and female that comes with a heightened spirituality. In quite a number of tribes, such as the Navajo, parents would recognize a child that was to become a man-woman or woman-man by the way he or she acted while very young (Goulet). In the cultures of the Plains and the Prairies, as well as in parts of California and the Northeast, the choice to become a Two-Spirit was preceded by a vision or a dream, which both explained and legitimized their choice to become a gender other than woman or man (Lang, 95). In still other cultures, for example the Canadian Dene-Tha, children are gendered according to a complex system of cross-sex reincarnation beliefs (Lang, 95). Often these reasons fo r gender variance are not exclusive, i.e., a male may express a predisposition for traditionally female chores while young and later experience a spiritual instruction to become a woman, or vice-versa. Regardless of the reason for gender variance among Two-Spirited people, their dual-genders are a natural part of the Native American cultural world view that emphasize[s] and appreciate[s] transformation and change (Lang, 93). Native Americans are expected to go through many changes in a lifetime. The Navajo Ndleehà ©Ãƒ ©, in fact, means someone who is in a constant process of change (Lang, 97). ______________ is a professional essay writing service which can provide high school, college and university students with 100% original custom written essays, research papers, term papers, dissertations, courseworks, homeworks, book reviews, book reports, lab reports, projects, presentations and other assignments of top quality. More than 700 professional Ph.D. and Master’s academic writers. Feel free to order a custom written essay on Transsexualism from our professional essay writing service.

The Ferret after It Is Prosecuted Under Section 5 as to How It Can Rel Essay

The Ferret after It Is Prosecuted Under Section 5 as to How It Can Rely Upon European Union Law and the European Convention on Human Rights - Essay Example On the first level, it must be noted that one area where judicial discretion is especially large is the area of free speech. While the right to free speech is a crystallized principle that has been placed almost since the beginning of time, enjoying a cherished position in the bill of rights of virtually all civilized legal systems, the interpretation of what constitutes free and protected speech still has yet to be perfectly refined. This provision has been invoked many times over in the course of history, whether within the European Union or outside, successfully and unsuccessfully; and Courts have had many opportunities to set standards and devise guidelines to determine if the speech in question should be protected or not. It becomes more difficult when the right to free speech competes with another right, in this case, the right of religious minority groups to tolerance and acceptance. In "easy" cases, all that should be done is look through jurisprudence until one finds the applicable case with similar facts. In "hard" cases with novel facts, the role of the judge becomes infinitely more difficult. The boundaries are ever-shifting; and internally, the judge will be trying not only to apply the law but to subject the text or speech in question to her own subjective inquiry in order to determine the intent of the message-bearer and what the material was trying to say. (De la Cruz, 2002) Social and political values inevitably come to the fore. To quote legal writer Thomas Streeter, "It is in the character of language, in other words, that a judge will never be able to look at the text of the Bill of Rights and legal precedents to decide whether or not flag burning is protected by the First Amendment; he will always in one way or another be forced to make a choice about whether or not he thinks it should be protected, and will always be faced with the possibility that a reasonable person could plausibly disagree." (Streeter, 1995) What distinguishes the area on free speech from other "legally-indeterminate" areas is that it is inextricably intertwined with and largely dependent on language which, as many eminent linguists have said, is arbitrary in the sense that meanings cannot be derived from anything logically-inherent in the words. These meanings are merely "assigned meanings" born of the collective experiences of people in a community and this system of interpretation is never static. As stated by Streeter, "Aside from language in general and perhaps some very deep-level aspects of syntax, there is very little that is universal, neutral, or mechanical about human languages." (IBID.) In this situation, it is clear that the European Convention on Human Rights secures both the right of the media to free speech, as well as the right of marginalized groups. But since the task is to find a basis to defend the newspaper in the existing Human Rights Convention, then it may be argued that the right to free speech is indeed a cherished ideal and is considered a sacrosanct freedom. If one compares the violation to the newspaper and the violation to the Muslims, without meaning to denigrate their suffering which we know is starkly real, the right against censorship and prior restraint appears to be more serious, than the right to "not be mocked."Â   Â   Â  

Regulatory and Compliance Issues Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Regulatory and Compliance Issues - Assignment Example This might include insurance policies (Corporations Act 2001, Section 763C). Non-cash payments refers generally to alternatives to cash payments such as cheques, credit cards, debit cards, travellers cheques and so on (Corporations Act 2001, Section 763D). B. Plain English Definition A plain English definition of financial advice is guidance and recommendations from an individual who is qualified and knowledgeable about financial products, estate planning and asset protection. Financial advice is not only based on knowledge, but also based on due diligence. In this regard financial advice is given after taken into account investment, savings, debt creation, debt management and so on that is compatible with the client’s needs and resources. C. Examples of Financial Products in Australia Examples of financial products available in Australia include, managed investment portfolios, derivatives, securities, and foreign exchange agreements. Managed investment portfolios refer to a c ollection of investments made by and on behalf of the owner of financial assets. The idea is to invest those assets in particular undertakings with the expectation that the owner of the assets will acquire some returns. ... Securities are documents that substitute for actual assets or interests in assets. Examples of securities are bonds, stocks, debentures and certificates such as share certificates. Foreign exchange agreements are contracts in which a party agrees to purchase foreign currency at a specified rate on a specific date. Question 2: The Role of the Financial Planner The role of the financial planner in Australia is to evaluate the client’s financial needs and his or her financial circumstances with a view to preparing and implementing a financial plan that realistically helps the client meet his or her financial needs. In this regard, financial planners in Australia provide a variety of services including retirement plans, income planning, superannuation, fund investments, the acquisition of shares, managing risks, managing or reducing debts, implementing savings plans, investing in futures and/or securities, filing taxes, insurance plans, business planning, estate planning and so on (Toten, 2006). Each of these services are tailored toward financial planning and/or asset protection depending on the client’s needs and resources. For example, estate planning would involve the distribution of assets during the life time of the client with the expectation that the estate will not be subject to probate. In such a case, the client might be advised to create a trust deed in which trustees manage the client’s estate for the benefit of the client and his or her children. An insurance plan will also involve financial planning as it would involve making interim payments toward an insurance policy that would insure the client’s life or medical care and thus ensure that the client leaves money to loved ones upon death or has access to

World Popuation in 1970 Essay Example for Free

World Popuation in 1970 Essay As the global population expanded at an unprecedented rate, humans fundamentally changed their relationship with the environment. Human’s population growth changed their relationship with the environment for the worse and did not change until environmental issues were realized and people realized they needed to do something to stop more environmental damage to the earth. Humans exploited and competed over the earth’s finite resources more intensely than ever before inhuman history. Also, global warming was a major consequence of the release of greenhouse gases and other pollutants into the atmosphere. However, in the 1970s governments took initiatives to preserve and protect the environment. As the world’s population increased so did the need for materials and goods. The growing population over looked environmental issues due to the need for goods which caused pollution, global warming, and the over use of our world’s natural resources. Pollution threatened the world’s supply of water and clean air because as human population increased so did the amount of trash and other pollutants we let infect our water and air. Rates of extinction of other species accelerated sharply due to human pollutants. Deforestation and desertification were continued consequences of the human impact on the environment because more and more humans used wood to build houses and buildings. Also, when we cut down the trees we did not replace them, which also caused deforestation and desertification. Rates of extinction of other species accelerated sharply. The increase in population also started global warming which is a major consequence of the release of greenhouse gases and other pollutants into the atmosphere. Humans also exploited and competed over the earth’s finite resources more intensely than ever before in human history. During this time period, which the increase in population came later on in this period an increase in environmental awareness, rose also. The governments of the United States, the Europe, and Japan took a number of initiatives to preserve and protect the environment in the 1970s. Environmental awareness spread by means of the media and grassroots political movements, and most nations in the developed world enforced strict antipollution laws and sponsored massive recycling efforts. Many of these efforts were made possible by new technology, which produced significant results. However, in the developing world, population pressures and weak governments were major obstacles to effective environmental policies. The unprecedented increase of the rate of human population caused a huge change in the way human’s relationship was with the environment. Humans over looked what they were doing to the environment because humans were more concerned with their needs rather then what was happening to the earth due to those needs. This did not change until the 1970s when governments put movements into place to help the environment.

Chromium Picolinate and Weight Loss :: Medical Drugs Medicine Papers

Chromium Picolinate and Weight Loss Chromium picolinate is a nutritional supplement that works to increase the efficiency of insulin to optimal levels. Gaining increased popularity in the United States, this supplement has been touted a miracle mineral, one advertised to have myriad effects including weight loss, mood enhancement, energy promotion, increase in life span, and even the prevention of acne (Krzanowski, 1996). The most common usage for chromium picolinate is as a weight loss aid; claims that this supplement can melt fat, drastically reduce appetite, and increase metabolism are rampant and account for the popularity of chromium picolinate in our diet-obsessed culture. Recently, the supplement has been marketed as a â€Å"safe alternative to steroids,† claiming to increase strength and lean muscle mass (Trent &Thieding-Cancel, 1995). Chromium picolinate is a common ingredient in many herbal weight-loss concoctions readily available for over-the-counter sale at the local drugstore or on the internet. However, because chromium picolinate is a nutritional supplement rather than a prescription drug, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) cannot vouch for the accuracy of advertiser’s often remarkable claims (Krzanowski, 1996). Additionally, scientific research is generally unsupportive of the weight loss claims surrounding chromium picolinate; consumers must be aware of these discrepancies when making a decision to take this or any other nutritional supplement. what is chromium picolinate? This popular nutritional supplement is a combination of the element chromium and picolinic acid. Chromium is a naturally-occurring mineral, trace amounts of which are found in everyday foods like meat, poultry, fish, and whole-grain breads. When foods are processed, they are stripped of natural chromium, making American diets generally very low in chromium; studies estimate an average daily chromium consumption of 33 mcg. In 1968, it was demonstrated that when animals do not receive adequate levels of chromium, insulin is not optimally effective, and damage to insulin-dependent systems can occur (Schroeder, 1968). This led the FDA to recommend a daily chromium intake of approximately 130 mcg, as infinitesimal amounts of chromium are needed to aid the transport of blood glucose across cell membranes (http://www.oznet.ksu.edu/dp_fnut/_timely/CHROMIUM.htm). Combining chromium with picolinic acid simply aids in efficient chromium absorption, and it is this combined form that is popu lar on the diet market today. how does chromium picolinate work? After eating, the human body secretes the hormone insulin. In general, the primary function of insulin is to transport glucose to the body’s cells in order to provide energy that facilitates cell functioning.

Impact of Government Restriction on Tobacco Smoking Essay

Introduction                      Tobacco smoking is known to be a major health problem among many since the product is known to have up to 60 carcinogens among them nicotine and carbon monoxide (Owing, 2005). Currently the smoking prevalence in the European region is estimated to be about 28.6% with the male having a higher percentage of 40% as compared to the female who rank at 18.2%. Health experts have always pinpointed smoking as one the killer habits contributing to high cases of mortality and many health hazards CITATION WHO07 l 1033 (WHO Regional Office for Europe, 2007). In that regard many government have put measures to curb the habit. In this presentation we shall focus on the smoking trends and limitations put by governments within the period 1974-1999 divided in 1974-1984 and 1985-1999. 1974-1984 Tobacco smoking in Britain has been on the decline in the past 50 years. It is believed that in the period beginning 1974 the country experienced the highest decline in smoking. This is compared to 1940s when prevalence was a high as 82%. Prevalence of smoking in the Great Britain for the period 1974-2012 % 1974 1978 1982 1986 1990 1994 1998 1998 2002 2006 2010 2012 Men 51 45 38 35 31 28 28 30 27 23 21 22 Women 41 37 33 31 29 26 26 26 25 21 20 19 All 45 40 35 33 30 27 27 28 26 22 20 20 Note: Retrieved from ash.org.uk smoking statistics with information originating the Opinions and Lifestyle Survey, 2012. Based on the above statistics it is evident that the period 1974-1984 experienced a slower decline in tobacco smoking as compared to the later period. The fact that this period was the first to experience such huge decline implies there must have been a general change in public attitude towards the habit. In this case the government played the role as a regulatory body to curb a common habit that had become a vice. To control smoking habit among the people the British government used price increase to keep tobacco prices high. This was done through the introduction of taxes. Due to addiction effect of nicotine contained in tobacco the decline in the number of smokers was not very large even the though the habit is concentrated among the low income earners (Ewles, 2005). Despite the low smoking prevalence in the period 1974-1984 as compared to earlier years, rights of non-smokers were not recognized. The government focused more of reducing smoking rates rather than reducing the effects imposed by tobacco smoke on third parties. Smoking in public was not regulated as smoking zones did not exist and not much research had been done of how the smoke can affect non-smokers without their consent. Individuals were free to smoke in public as no law enforced by the government was in place to control them. It is not just smokers who did not recognize that non-smokers have their rights but also non-smokers were not aware that they had rights to a smoke free environment. Generally the number of women smoking had also declined compared to earlier years. The trend continued to later years. Even though there was a decline still the number was high based on the statistics that by 1974, 4 in every 10 women were smokers. This figure dropped and by 1984 it was 3 out of 10. In this period of time smoking among women wasn’t looked from the negative side but it came to be a concern when it was done in pregnancy. Despite lack of much research about the effect of smoking in pregnant women in this period, there was general belief in the public that it was not ideal for a pregnant woman to smoke. A pregnant woman smoking was seen as irresponsible and not caring about the child she was carrying. The concern here was about the wellness of the child whom the woman was carrying since he/she was being exposed to the dangers of tobacco. However, such public concern did not affect the trend because smoking among pregnant women was common with women from low social class. The question whether decline in smoking was to the advantage or a disadvantage of all is an issue of concern. While tobacco industry was a big contributor to the tax revenue of the nation and created jobs, the same industry was linked to health and socio-economic challenges. In the period discussed many of the affected parties were the low class citizens who could otherwise used their funds in the right way rather than smoking. It problem worsened if they got health complications as this rendered them uneconomical. The efforts put by the government in this period to curb tobacco smoking were of great value because they focused on building the future nation rather than gaining tax revenues at the expense of the future. 1985-1999                      In this period of time the trend in tobacco smoking were in decline until 1994 when they remained constant. In general what this statistics imply is that the smoking prevalence in Britain may have begun to be constant at a rate of one smoker in every for individuals among the adults. The trends here show that the number of women smokers was also getting closer to that of their male counterparts of which stand at 28% as compares 29% in men by 1994. Smoking among the young too increased in this period especially among the teenagers. Despite the low prevalence percentage as compared to preceding periods, the worry was about the stability trend. The trend showed that unless action be taken the prevalence rate in Britain would have begun to rise again CITATION Roy00 l 1033 ( Royal College of Physicians of London. Tobacco Advisory Group., 2000)Smoking during pregnancy was an issue of concern especially among the young and unemployed ones. This is because during this time much awareness had been created about the negative effects of smoking especially in pregnant women. Smoking in pregnancy had been known to cause immature birth and the children of mothers who smoked during pregnancy risked â€Å"neo-natal mortality or sudden infant death syndrome, of asthma or wheezing illness in the first years of life CITATION Roy00 l 1033 ( Royal College of Physicians of London. Tobacco Advisory Group., 2000).† On the other hand there was public perception that smoking during pregnancy affected the normal growth of the child both physically and intellectually. With this kind of information within the public a pregnant woman smoking was seen as not caring of the wellness of her child. Although a large number of women continued to smoke during pregnancy, statistics by the Health Education Authority (HBE) in 1999 showed that 10% of women who were smoking before pregnancy stopped the habit. Much awareness was also created of how smoking is likely to affect people who are not smokers but come into contact with the smoke. It was well known that an individual smoking in public is likely to cause more harm to individual who inhale the smoke. In that regard the government came with rules meant to discourage smoking in the public. This was based on acceptance even among the smokers that non-smokers had rights to a clean environment. It is in this period that the government adopted policies that limited places where an individual could smoke. This was aimed at discouraging further increase in the number of smokers who could be easily influenced and also meant to protect the rights of non-smokers. To curb smoking the British government put more efforts in price increase through the use of taxes. However, this did not been seem to work due to various reasons attached to smoking among them being the addictive nature of the product. It is well known that nicotine substance contained in tobacco is addictive and price increase could not prevent individuals from continuing to use the product. On the other hand the legality of tobacco made it is easier for smokers to get it from cheaper sources that taxation didn’t affect.The government also turned to campaigns through the media that targeted the youth to discourage the habit among them being banning of cigarette adverts. However, such campaigns were known to have poor results in terms of outreach among the young people. The hurdle the government was facing here is that in this period the young were affected as compared to the later whereby focus was put more on the adult population. The actions by the government to put restrictions on smoking were of great importance to the society. Within this period of time most firms in the UK were manufacturing their products outside the country unlike in the 1974-1984 when tobacco products were produced locally. This meant that no jobs were created for the locals within the country unless in fields like sales, marketing and distribution. Looking into the retail sector cigarettes were sold as secondary products since retailers had other products they majored in hence low returns from the tobacco products. On the side of the consumer it is known that in UK tobacco products are priced in a way that most of the cost is excise duty. This implied that expenditure on the products did not stimulate the economy high as compared to other goods bought by the consumer (Ewles, 2005). Through the restrictions imposed the society benefited in terms of cost savings and a healthier population. This in turn benefitted both the government and citizens through saving on funds that could otherwise be used for health purposes. On the other hand the efforts to curb smoking were of great help to the future generation which could easily adopt to low smoking rates. Rules on public smoking also played an important role in societal wellbeing as they gave non-smokers their rights of a clean and healthy environment. References Owing, J. H. (2005). Trends in smoking and health research. New York: Nova Biomedical Books. Royal College of Physicians of London. (2000). Nicotine addiction in Britain: A report of the Tobacco Advisory Group of the Royal College of Physicians. London: The College. Ewles, L. (2005). Key topics in public health: Essential briefings on prevention and health promotion. Edinburgh: Elsevier Churchill Livingstone. Source document

Positive Reinforcement for Children Essay

From a very early age, children begin to learn about the association between behaviors and consequences. They realize that there is always going to be a consequence whether it’d be positive or negative, that would follow the behavior. Sometimes children behave very well and most of the time, children tend to give parents and others around them a hard time. When it comes to behavior modification, some basic steps include identifying the behavior, setting expectations, monitoring progress, and reinforcing correct behaviors. Positive reinforcement has a lot of effect on children when it comes to modifying a targeted behavior. A reinforcer, which can be either positive or negative, is defined as an event, stimulus, or condition that, when presented immediately following a behavior causes an increase in frequency of the behavior (Martin, G., & Pear, J., 2011 p 32). Positive Reinforcement for Children There are various opinions concerning the value of positive reinforcement when discussing modifying behaviors of young children (Sigler, E., & Aamidor, S., 1990). Children will always need guidance in good behavior, and it is a parent’s duty to provide this guidance. Parents can model good behavior and discuss with their children what constitutes good behavior, but it is helping children act on their own that will allow them to understand what is appropriate and what is not in a variety of situations. Everyone likes to be praised and children are no different. When children display good behavior, parents should acknowledge their actions by congratulating their children on their decisions. Such positive reinforcements allow children to connect that what they did has made their parents happy, and therefore was the correct choice. For example, when a child puts his toys away without being asked, having a parent say â€Å"Well done!† and giving him a cuddle will help him connect that putting toys away is a good decision. However, parents should not confuse positive reinforcement with bribery. There is definitely a difference between a reward and a bribe. If you have specific expectations for a child, such as getting their homework done before playtime or cleaning their room up each evening, you should never offer bribes to get them to do these things. They need to learn that it is their responsibility to do these things. However, if your child does something exceptionally well, such as getting a good grade on a particularly hard test, then you should celebrate and reward their achievements. This will help the child learn that there are certain things that are simply expected of them, but that going â€Å"above and beyond† has its own rewards. Children should be not be offered rewards in the hopes that they will act in a certain manner, and positive consequences should never be offered before a behavior is carried out. If it is, then parents cannot know for sure whether a child acted a certain way because it was the right thing to do or because he was told to act a certain way and promised a prize for doing so. It is essential, prior to any discussion concerning modification of behaviors, to differentiate between ‘praise’ and ‘positive reinforcement’. In the most classic definition, positive reinforcement is a method of identifying to children which behaviors are acceptable and appropriate and which are not. More specifically, the use of positive reinforcement is the act of identifying and encouraging a behavior, with the hopes that the desired behavior will increase (Burden, 2003). The theory is that any behavior followed by a pleasant stimulus is likely to be repeated (Westen, 1999). This ‘pleasant stimulus’ can be anything ‘nice’ and can also include a multitude of other positive responses (Alberto & Troutman, 1990). There are several different ways to use positive reinforcement. At the basic level, you can consider the use of natural reinforcement, social reinforcement, token reinforcement, and tangible reinforcement. All of these entail delivering a specific consequence following a desired behavior that increases the likelihood that the behavior will continue or increase in the future. Although praise is one of many forms of positive reinforcement, it is by no means the only or even the best choice when working with young children. Educators often use praise interchangeably with positive reinforcement when indeed an important distinction must be made between the two (Strain & Joseph, 2004). Consistency is very important when interacting with a child. One must stick to the rules once they’ve been made, and don’t allow the child to do something one day and then not let them do it the next. Don’t confuse a child with unimportant decisions, and remember that it’s often necessary to tell a child something more than one time. Speak clearly, and make sure that what you’ve said is understood. Above all, always maintain a positive attitude, because it’s a sure bet that they will be imitating you. Children look to adults, parents, and teachers for approval in order to confirm that the behaviors they are exhibiting are ones that are desired (Lawhon & Lawhon, 2000). By acknowledging the child’s behavior as appropriate we teach the child which behaviors are preferred over others (Bukatko & Daehler, 2001). As primitive as it may seem, most small children behave in a rather random manner repeating behaviors that get a desired or positive reaction. Some children, by chance or intuition, behave in an appropriate manner and some do not. If their ‘reinforcement’ is attention at all costs, then whatever attention given, even if directed toward a negative behavior, will increase the likelihood that behavior will be repeated (Sternberg, 1998). Young children are egocentric. Young children, especially under the age of four, have a very difficult time understanding how someone else feels (McDevitt & Ormrod, 2002). This doesn’t mean that kids are plain selfish but simply that their cognitive development is not sophisticated enough to understand their own emotions, much less someone else’s. They are unable to take the perspective of someone else and understand another’s feelings (Leong & Bodrova, 2003). As children get older they begin to learn what pleases others, but it is a gradual process that takes time (Swick, 2001). Positive reinforcement doesn’t suddenly work over night you need to grasp the child’s mind into thinking if â€Å"I do what I am told I will get a treat†. The first week or so may be a little unstable, you’ll find the child demanding treats or most of all once they have their treat they become disobedient. All you need to do is give a little understanding on the issue â€Å"if you’re nasty you won’t get any more treats†. Never give into your disciplined parenting, your child will kick, cry and scream waiting for you to give in so don’t show them any signs of cracking, the second you give in they are in control and the ladder is then twice as harder to climb to the top. People tend to wonder from time to time, if positive reinforcement is truly effective. There are four key elements to positive reinforcement that must be emphasized. 1. Reinforcement serves to increase a desired behavior, while the goal of punishment is to decrease an undesired behavior (Jackson & Panyan, 2002). It is important to acknowledge that adults have a keen understanding that an undesirable behavior has an opposing desirable one. 2. There is a phenomenon known as ‘‘extinction burst’’ (Ormrod, 1999). This is the rapid production of a behavior once the reinforcement is taken away. 3. It is important to identify positive reinforcers that are easily and quickly attainable. Giving stickers or candy is not always feasible or desirable. That is why positive attention itself is sometimes the best choice. 4. Ignoring unwanted behaviors is a key, but it is essential to stop dangerous or injurious behaviors immediately. To sum it all up, It is true that when a child is engaged in a creative activity, like drawing or painting, if you indicate, ‘‘I like the color blue you are using,’’ you will indeed get an entire page of the color blue. The important point is to understand why that would happen (Sigler, E., & Aamidor, S., 1990). This does not happen because the child sees value in his/ her own activities or because the child is dependent on an adult’s approval. In fact, this happens because what was said to the child pleased him/her and the child wants to be a part of the life and the activities that interest you. But when it comes to everyday behaviors in aversive situations that need to be modified it is better to positively reinforce. The simple rule is: whatever you attend to is what you get. If you reinforce good behavior (whatever is desirable in your eyes) by giving praise and other kinds of positive attention, children will deliver more good behavior.

World Affairs essays

World Affairs essays How the U.S. Should Influence World Affairs The United States should try to take care of things more, without getting people mad at the same time. They should have a meeting with all of the world powers and try to discuss their problems. These meetings should discuss the problems we are having and try to figure out a way to solve these problems. I feel that it is mainly our responsibility to take care of the rest of the world. It might not of been our choice to take on this responsibility but we are the superpower of the world. By being the superpower of the world comes a lot of responsibility that not everyone could handle. If you think of it we are like the peace keepers of the world, yeah some people tell us to mind our own business but the more we help people the more the people are dependent and look up to us for it. We the U.S. need to get involved in more things and try to get countries to solve their problems more peacefully. As we all know everything does not always go peacefully. Sometimes problems get wors e instead of better and there is no other choice but war, and when this happens we are usually the first ones there. True we dont always want to fight but once again the responsibility thing comes into effect again, the U.S. has probably the best Army, Navy, etc so automatically we are the first ones that everybody turns to for help. In a way thats a good thing but sometimes that can get us into trouble, or if we try to stay neutral it might make things worse like WW2. So we as the U.S. have a lot on our hands on making decisions, supporting other countries, and so on. I feel that the U.S. should keep on trying to influence world affairs. Im not saying that we know everything cause we certainly dont but the more we try to help I feel that other countries will see that we actually care about them and that we really want world peace. ...

Capital Punishment Should Be Abolished in Malaysia

Capital punishment is a death sentence awarded for capital offences where in the criminal provisions consider such persons as a gross danger or threats to the existence of the society. As the merge of human rights associations, this punishment is strictly opposed for its cruelty and this has been a global debate for some years. In Malaysia, this punishment is proudly held in the law and until today, executions are being held. It is a great shame as all members of the United Nation were already called to Join the moratorium of death penalty (Amnesty International, 2007). Many countries have abandoned capital punishment and Malaysia should do the same as it is inappropriate, cruel and it does not help the society in any ways. It is inappropriate for today as clearly, it is incongruent with what Malaysia is aiming for. The aim is to be a fully developed country and to be one Malaysia has to fulfil all challenges which one of it is to be a fully caring society (Razak, 2010). Putting an end to ones life does not define caring at all. Even though the punishment has been practised in almost every society, many have abandoned the punishment and ore are in favour of abolishing it (Caroline Sculler, 2010). If the policy is as such, then the government is at the same footing as the murderers (Stevenson, 1993). As death penalty is final, those criminals will also be deprived from the opportunity to change and the true causes of crimes will not be figured out Ooseph A. Melusky, 2003). Thus, when Justice is hurried, Justice is buried too. This clearly shows that we have no mercy and for a society that values human rights, Justice and mercy, there should be no death penalty at all (Ragunath Kesavan, 2010). To punish does not mean having to do it cruelly. The world has decides that death penalty is inhuman and degrading punishment which also constitutes a torture (Caroline Sculler, 2010). Inevitably, there are risks in executing innocent people such as cases of drug trafficking involving people who were fooled by so-called Job agencies (The Star Online, 2010). It is very unjust to prosecute innocent lives. What is more, The United Nation disapproves capital punishment as it is contrary to the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. Malaysias excuse was that, Malaysia is not ne of the signatories of Committees Against Torture (CAT) and International Convention of Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR), and so, Malaysia is not bound to any of their aims (Eldridge, 2002). Malaysia has shown how barbaric the nation is and the reality of death penalty is that it is hypocritical as lives cannot be traded like commodities. To replace belongings or things is acceptable, but to kill, it is cruel (Stevenson, 1993). What more to grieve is, capital punishment does not deter crimes and it does not help the society. It shows no positive result in decreasing violent crime rates (Caroline Sculler, 2010). Death penalty actually promotes crimes. When our government approves on taking ones life, its a symbolic to vengeance. Thus, victims because a clean break is not that frightening. Having the thought of being locked up in a room for the whole life is scarier. For drug-trafficking offences, there is also no evidence that the punishment helps (Human Rights Watch, 2009). It is not only useless, but it obscures the true causes of crime too. Knowing the causes of crimes is hat matters the most and by executing, this disallows research on them and will consequently blind us forever. Hence, the aim of deterring crime will never be achieved. Common arguments and beliefs of why Malaysia should continue capital punishment are of Justice, deterrent and retribution. On Justice, an execution is said to bring closure to the criminal and closure to the ordeal for the victims family. Of deterrent, capital punishment is taken as a tool to scare potential criminals as it is hoped that they will think twice before breaking the law for fear of losing their lives. And of retribution, the taking of criminals life allows society to show convincingly that certain crimes will not be tolerated. However in reality, if criminals have made up their minds to commit crimes, having the mens rea to do any, the punishments will never be taken in considerations. Plus, it is not the best deterrent tool as there is no exact statistic showing the decrease of crime rate for which the death penalty is mandatory (Ragunath Kesavan, 2010). To continue this law is to show how decadent the nation is. Malaysia has more moral based policies, but still, why is this legal? Australias previous Prime Minister, Hawke, have mentioned capital punishment as barbaric by seeing Malaysias policy. And that was insulting (Eldridge, 2002). Killing in any form victimizes all human kinds. Killing will never solve problems and killing will further brings great destructions. The world has decides that the punishment is cruel and let us stand with others. We pride ourselves for being a caring society and let us show to the world that we are. Capital punishment should be abolished as it proves nothing but the act of barbarism.

Strategic Management Critically evaluate the contribution the paper Literature review

Strategic Management Critically evaluate the contribution the paper makes to the knowledge base on strategic management in org - Literature review Example Research findings reveal that specific and challenging, but achievable, goals are firmly connected to task performance and motivation but only a few are studied concerning the value of goal setting to complex organisations. According to Bassett (1993), studies on goal setting have usually included small teams of workers or large organisations. One of the current studies on the applicability of goal setting theory to complex organisations, and which is the focus of this critical review, is Francesco Ceresia’s A Model of Goal-Dynamics in Technology-based Organisations. The author uses four major theoretical paradigms, namely, (1) goal setting, (2) management by objective practices (MbO), (3) workers’ motivation, and (4) organisational performance. The objective of the study is to create a systems dynamics (SD) model that will demonstrate the relationships between goal setting processes, product sales dynamics, workers’ motivation or commitment, and managing of the processes of goal setting. The researcher uses an imaginary Commercial Department (Alpha s.r.l.) to illustrate the reliability and validity of its causal loop diagram, or SD model in determining the correlation among the four theoretical paradigms aforementioned. ... A General Review of the Theoretical Perspectives in Ceresia’s Study In order to accurately, critically analyse Ceresia’s study, it is important to discuss first the different theoretical perspectives that have influenced the development of the study’s objectives and focus. These theories elaborate the fundamental principles that guide the product sales and organizational performance of Beta s.r.l. Since each of these perspectives embodies some relevant assumptions concerning the appropriate structure for systems dynamics, employee, and management, an idea of the principles underlying them is highly useful. Goal Setting for Task Performance Goal setting generate more improved outcomes than failure to set goals. Nevertheless, the explanations are multifaceted. Difficult goals and several controllers and intermediaries should be established before better task performance occurs (Katzell & Yankelovich 1975). However, performance is not a fixed term. Furthermore, perf ormance is not the goal in itself. Sooner or later, workers should be rewarded or recognised for efficient performance if the organisation wants them to stay dedicated to their task and to the organisation, as well (Sengupta 2006). Employee satisfaction is linked to dedication and commitment. If goals are difficult, the enabling controllers are existent, and the intermediaries are functioning, task performance will be efficient and productive on any component the goal identifies as vital, such as quality, quantity, and so on (Curtis 1994). Three fundamental forms of ‘specific’ outcome measures can be applied to assess task performance in the work setting. These three are used in Ceresia’s study (Meyers, Riccucci & Lurie 2001): (1) units of