Tragedy of the Commons: Analysis of Fishing Industry

Tragedy of the Commons: Analysis of Fishing Industry OBJECTIVES To understand the ‘tragedy of the commons’ as a form of market failure, with specific reference to the fishing industry To analyze the Indian fishing industry with respect to ‘tragedy of the commons’ To outline the pros and cons of methods by which the ‘tragedy of the commons’ can be solved to ensure sustainability of fisheries Introduction Our presentation is on a form of market failure known as â€Å"tragedy of the commons†. This refers to the problems inherent with resources that are treated as common property. Our focus is specifically on the fishing industry with India as a case study. It is necessary to first define what we mean by common property resources. Common property resources share two characteristics: excludability and subtractability. Excludability refers to controlling access to a resource by potential users, i.e. it is open access. In the case of common property such as fishing waters, every citizen has access to this resource without any restrictions as is the current case in India. Subtractability means that each user of that resource is capable of subtracting from the welfare of other users. That means that if one person fishes in that water source, there will be less fish stocks available for the other fishers. Since each fisherman is a rational being, he will take into consideration only his own marginal costs and revenues, ignoring the fact that increases in his own catch will deprive other fishermen of their catch, as well as affect the future of the sustainability of fish stocks. As fish stocks continue to get depleted, eventually that resource becomes so degraded that it collapses completely, for example the collapse of the Newfoundland cod fishery in North America in 1989. In this case, the market due to lack of regulation resulted in excess capacity and overexploitation of the resource. Since in the long term the good is not efficiently allocated, this form of market failure is called â€Å"tragedy of the commons†. Tragedy of the Commons in the Indian Fishing Industry Fishing is a big business in India. The local industries employ about 15 million citizens and overall exports had brought in 2.8 billion USD worth of forex to the country. Officially, the government’s stance seems to be that fishing levels and resources are adequate and that there is still further capacity for growth and has busied itself with developing mechanized fisheries as a means of catching more fish than a traditional fisherman could. The Marine Products Exports Development Authority (MPEDA), which operates under the Ministry of Commerce, has outlined a number of objectives regarding the growth of the fishing industry in India, including: India to be among the top 5 seafood exporters in the world Employment in the fishing sector to double by 2015 India currently follows an open access policy to water resources or fish stocks, i.e. fishers don’t require any quotas or licenses required to operate. Apart from some laws against fishing during the breeding season, and using explosives to kill fish, India does not place any great restrictions on its fishing industry in hopes to encourage fishing for the purpose of exports. This has led to overfishing and depletion of fish stocks. This strong emphasis on output has already placed India’s fisheries under huge pressure, as more and more boats hit the waves in search of fish. According to a 2012 study by Greenpeace, 90% of India’s fish resources have reached or are operating beyond their sustainable level and poor regulation of the industry has contributed to a decline in growth of India’s fisheries. Fishermen are going farther and wider to secure a catch as traditional marine fishing areas show depleting numbers of commercially valuable fish. In such a scenario, it is inevitable that India will not be able to follow its open access policy for long and will have to put in stronger regulations to make its fishing industries more sustainable. Possible solutions to the tragedy of the commons Individual transferrable quotas (ITQs): Privatization of the common resources is one of the solutions offered to the tragedy of the commons, to ensure excludability. Privatization usually provides incentives for rational exploitation of the resource. But marine resources cannot exactly be privatized so it takes the form of quotas. If the owner has a stake in a particular stock of fish, that person or company will want to ensure the sustainability of the stock to ensure a potential for future profit. ITQs are a transferrable share of a part of the total allowable catch (TAC). These shares are divided into portions for individual quota holders, who can catch their quota, or alternatively, can buy, sell or lease them. Because owners of quotas have long-term access to the fishery, the long-term health of the stock is in their interests, and so we have a market system that encourages sustainability. Since portions of the stock are guaranteed, there is no fear that someone else will benefit from the resource by exploiting it faster. However in practice it is rather difficult to enforce these quotas when it comes to fisheries. And since quotas are difficult to enforce, each quota holder feels that the other fishermen might break the rules and so continue to engage in overfishing. By-catch dumping: This occurs because a vessel or individual fisher cannot predict the number of each species that is caught (since even targeting one species inevitably results in catching more than one species). Some species for which the quota has already been filled may be caught, and with the quota already filled the only option is to dump the excess fish. Quota busting: Fishermen take more than their allowed quota of a species. Especially when there are a large number of vessels operating it is difficult to prevent quota busting, leading to a much larger catch than is actually recorded in the official data. High-grading: The quota is for a fixed volume of fish, so smaller or less desirable fish are thrown overboard so that the revenue per unit of quota is maximized. These discarded fish will die and deplete fish stocks but are not counted in the mortality rate of fish in the official records. One method to prevent high-grading is on-board inspectors but this is too expensive and impractical especially in fisheries with large number of vessels. Another solution to the problem of high-grading would be to offer the quotas in terms of total value of catch in terms of price rather than total physical quantity of catch. So there wouldn’t be low quality fish discarded as they could still be sold for a low price and wouldn’t drain the quota. But the problem with this approach is constant fluctuations in prices may make the quota difficult to determine. All of these malpractices lead to wrong data being recorded. Further quotas are then decided on the basis of this faulty data, thus threatening sustainability as the quotas would be too high. Currently according to Greenpeace 25% of catch is discarded, but this figure may not reduce with ITQs. Community transferrable quotas CTQs would make the resource a communal property. Communal property is held by a group or community of interdependent users who exclude outsiders and regulate use by members of the local community. CTQ’s would also enhance enforcement capabilities and solve the serious problems of high-grading and discarding that are present in ITQ systems. This enhanced enforcement would come from within the community itself. Since all members of the community share the costs of cheating, it is likely that community members would keep a close eye on the activities of others. Anyone caught cheating would face not only the fines and like penalties that would come with an individual quota system, but would also face a loss of face in the community. One problem is a matter of definition. It is not clear whether entire communities may buy and sell quotas, or individuals within the communities can exchange their shares among each other. In the former case, it seems unlikely that an entire community could agree to buy or sell a quota, and if they did, there is potential for a dissenting minority to lose their right to access the fishery due to simply being outvoted. If transferability in CTQ’s refers to exchange within the communities, then it seems likely that the same problem of concentration of ownership might occur, though on a slightly smaller scale. Before a community-based quota program were to be implemented, it would be necessary to clarify what type of exchange could take place and determine a set of regulations for such exchange. Another problem with CTQ’s is that this system might not be able to account for the sheer size of the fishing industry as it exists today. Long gone are the days when small inshore vessels were responsible for catches; today much of the work is done offshore by large trawlers taking in massive amounts of fish from open waters, sometimes hundreds of miles from the coastline. Community based quotas seem well equipped to deal with inshore fishing, but offshore operations often involve corporations not fixed geographically in a â€Å"community†. These and many other issues must be resolved before any kind of effective CTQ system is put in place. Conclusion Thus we have outlined tragedy of the commons with special reference to the fishing industry, and outlined the pros and cons of individual quotas and community quotas. The government of India should look at both sides of the issue, and consider local needs of subsistence fishing communities, sustainability of resources as well as India’s international export status while designing its policies to deal with overexploitation of fisheries. Bibliography David Feeny, S. H. (2006). Questiong the assumptions of the tragedy of commons model of fisheries. Land Economics , 187-205. Greenpeace. (2012). Safeguard or squander: deciding the future of Indias fisheries. Greenpeace. Hardin, G. (1968). The tragedy of the commons. Science , 1243-1248. LeDrew, S. (2003). Property Rights and the Fishery: ITQ’s and CTQ’s as solutions to the problem of the commons. OMRN. Narayankumar, R. (2012). Economic efficiency in fishing operations technology, exploitation and sustainability issues. Cochin: Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute. NFDB. (n.d.). About Indian Fisheries. Retrieved from National Fisheries Development Board: http://nfdb.ap.nic.in/html/aboutus.htm

Samsung Marketing Plan

Samsung Background Samsung is a Korean company that has risen to prominence in many fields over the years. The size and the scope of the company is almost unimaginable, as they are one of the largest and most diverse companies in the world. While the company is mostly known for their technology division (cell phones, radios, MP3 players, computer screens, and the like) they have many other divisions as well. The company has expanded from a humble storefront launched in the late 1930s to the largest company in Korea and the second largest company in the world.Samsung Group, was founded in 1938 by Byung-Chull Lee, a celebrated Korean entrepreneur. Lee started a small trading company with a $2,000 nest egg and 40 employees. He called it Samsung, which means ‘three stars' in Korean. The company enjoyed moderate growth before the Communist invasion in 1950 forced Lee to abandon his operations in Seoul. Lee established a sugar refinery in 1953, a move that was criticized at the time because sugar could be easily obtained through American aid.But for Lee, the act was important because it was the first manufacturing facility built in South Korea after the Korean War. From sugar, wool, and other commodity businesses, Lee moved into heavier manufacturing. The company prospered under Lee's philosophy of making Samsung the leader in each industry he entered. In addition to the electronics division, which is the most profitable and successful one in the world, the company also has forayed into finance, chemicals, retail, and straight-up entertainment – all with great degrees of success.The company employs many of South Korea's finest employees, including many with PHD level education. This is not surprising, seeing as the company's assets total somewhere around $300 billion. The company has some of the most loyal employees around and many work every day – that means no holiday time off or weekends — both because they want to and it is expected. Sa msung as A Learning Organization A learning organization have five component of knowledge management, there are : Culture and Trust; Knowledge Worker; Supporting Facilities;

gods and generals Essay - 757 Words

nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Gods and Generals, 2003, Colonel Joshua Chamberlain (JEFF DANIELS), Confederate Generals Robert E. Lee (ROBERT DUVALL), Thomas quot;Stonewallquot; Jackson (STEPHEN LANG), Maj. Gen. Joseph Hooker (MAC BUTLER), and Capt. Alexander ‘Sandie’ Pendleton (JEREMY LONDON). The movie Gods and Generals is a portrayal of the actions that were illustrated very eloquently and captivatingly in the book Gods and Generals, written by Jeff Shaara. The movie even though was less than mediocre in its appeal was full of accurate historic facts. All of the battles, Manassas Junction, Antietam, and Chancellorsville, all occurred. The battle at Manassas shows the Federal troops clearly running from the Confederates, although it†¦show more content†¦The Northern men are not shown much. Only Capt. Joshua Lawrence Chamberlain is portrayed, leaving out General Hancock, a major player in the beginning of the Civil War. This causes questions about there importance and if they were fighting for the â€Å"proper† reasons. A lot is left to the imagination about the North. The Southerners are all represented well and thoroughly throughout the film. Lee is portrayed as a very kind-hearted religious old man who has the respect of his troops and is out to win this war. Jackson is given the most glory as this film includes him in almost every other scene. He is also given a great light of respect from his troops and all around him. Even Jeb Stuart, who in real life was pompous and egotistical of himself and his troops, was given a light of respect by all including Lee which was not seen at all in real life (Gods and Generals the book.) In all the Southerners were surrounded in this great white light while the Northerners were not even given there few shining moments in fame during the beginning of the Civil War. This movie held a great bias to the Southerners. There was one major Northern character, Chamberlain, comparing to the numerous southern gentleman. ‘Stonewall’ Jackson was the main character in this movie and the movie seemed to be trying to make the movie a biography of Jackson during the Civil War. The purpose of this film was to make a movie out ofShow MoreRelatedEssay on General Revelations of God1007 Words   |  5 Pageswe have the ability to reach God. The witness of Scripture and leading theologians attest that individuals have a limited knowledge of God through general revelation in the natural world. General revelation can provide valid knowledge that there is a God, which aids in the acceptance of special revelation. General revelation is an individuals ability to gain knowledge of God through his presence in the world. The knowledge we are able to gain through general revelation is limited. It doesntRead More Gods and Generals Essay examples901 Words   |  4 PagesGods and Generals The American Civil War was a military conflict between the United States of America (the Union), and 11 secessionist Southern states, organized as the Confederate States of America (the Confederacy). It was the culmination of four decades of intense sectional conflict and it reflected deep-seated economic, social, and political differences between the North and the South. Many books have been written on this â€Å"first modern war† describing how over 620,000 men were killed. Read More Killer Angels The Human Factor Essay976 Words   |  4 Pageshuman element of battle that creates a very unpredictable outcome. Factors of humanity, such as friendships, sense of character, conflicts and brotherhood, play an important part in making the war. The friendship between Confederate General Lewis Armistead and Union General Winfield Scott Hancock has an effect on their fighting. Garnettamp;#8217;s sense of honor effects his psychological outlook on the battle and how he is to fight. The Chamberlains are two brothers in the Twentieth Maine of the UnionRead MoreDifferences Between Gods And Generals And Gettysburg1436 Words   |  6 Pages There are a lot of differences between Gods and Generals and Gettysburg even though these movies are to coincide with each other. Each film was funded by Ted Turner and though Gods and Generals was produced after Gettysburg the film is meant to be watched before Gettysburg as to follow in Chronological order. These films slowly start to be less funded as Ted Turner ran out of money to produce them, there was supposed to be a third film in the set but unfortunately he ran out of money before beingRead MoreGeneral, And God s Responsibility For His Pain Essay2460 Words   |  10 Pagescomforters as he dared to say things about God that shocked them and perhaps make us pause as well. Although the friends will get their full-fledged turn in our next chapter, here we will begin to hear them â€Å"speak† because their claims were part of the backdrop for Job’s outraged responses. As we will see, he dismissed them quite soon and focused on other issues related to his suffering, not least how to understand the prospect of his own sin, wickedness in general, and God’s responsibility for his painRead MoreA Brief Note On The Name Of God, The Most Merciful. Honourable. Secretary General Assembly Vulk Jeremic1224 Words   |  5 PagesIn the name of God, The Most Merciful. Honourable UN Secretary General Assembly Vulk Jeremic Honourable UN envoy for Global Tokum on Immigration and developemment Mr. Peter Sutherland, Respected elders and my dear brothers and sisters; today, it is an honour for me to be speaking here with such honourable people. It is an honour for me that today I am carrying a bottle of tears from many immigrant people that have suffered many injustices. I don’t know where to begin my speech. I don’t know whatRead MoreEssay about Knowing God1371 Words   |  6 PagesRunning head: KNOWING GOD Knowing God Module 2 Essay Sheila D. White Grand Canyon University HTH 505 April 18, 2013 Knowing God: The Doctrine Of Revelation Theology is the instruction concerning God or the deliberation of God.(Grenz, 2000, p.2) It endeavors to disclose the identity of God, the habitation of God, and the character, origin, position and importance of God. Humans commonly acquire information in three ways: through their senses, through their logic/reasoning, and throughRead MoreRevelations And Its Impact On Our Faith And Understanding Of God969 Words   |  4 Pages Reflecting on humanity in focus of general and specific revelation is eye opening to a believer walking closely with Christ. Revelations are the way God communicates with his people, not receiving that communication frequently can quench a relationship of any makeup. Reflecting on the lecture last week, revelations are a key part of theology. Enrolling in Christian Theology at the graduate level, is stretching my belief system at the core. When allowing the mind to approach theology with no predeterminedRead MoreTransformed World View Essay1581 Words   |  7 Pagesand 6 on page 152. Study Questions for Curtis, Chapter 8, Page 152 1. Consider the farmer in Isa. 28:23-29, whose God-given knowledge of farming techniques comes through general revelation. Have you ever experienced anything similar? Have you ever learned how to do something through tradition, observation, experimentation, but believe the lessons come ultimately from God? (INSERT ANSWER HERE) 6. A friend tells you that she is struggling because her sociology (or psychology, or physics)Read MoreThe Killer Angels By Michael Shaara Essay1255 Words   |  6 Pagesto why they had lost their faith in God. Some will face challenges that will change their views of religion and some to question if what they believe is correct or what their friend is correct. In the beginning of the novel Shaara uses a simile of the general of the union Robert E. Lee to be seen as someone important in the grace of God.They hushed when he passes like an angel of God,(63) here general Lee is being presented to be a guardian sent by God to protect and guide the Union army

The Holocaust Religion, Race and Ethnicity Discrimination - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 2 Words: 627 Downloads: 1 Date added: 2019/04/26 Category History Essay Level High school Tags: Holocaust Essay Did you like this example? Close your eyes and picture a world where you’re discriminated against because of your religion, race, ethnicity or beliefs. You may not realize it, but you probably pictured a world exactly like ours today in 2019. It may be harder to notice currently because society seems like it’s changing, but there are still one to many situations in the world today where people are being discriminated against. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "The Holocaust: Religion, Race and Ethnicity Discrimination" essay for you Create order People believe that they are better than others and can be biased against and hurt those who they believe are lower than them. This is exactly the sort of prejudice and close minded behavior that started the Holocaust in 1941. When people think about the Holocaust, they probably think of gas chambers, slavery, and killing pits, but of course it didn’t start that way. The Holocaust started with minor discriminatory laws against the jews. Examples of this includes Jewish children not being allowed to go to school, or not having the right to shop wherever they want, the right to vote, and the right to be jewish or not. Propaganda was a huge factor in helping discriminate the jews and put them down. The holocaust started slowly with just discrimination and propaganda and that happens in our world all the time, so who says another Holocaust won’t happen? â€Å"Although not every act of bias will lead to genocide, it is important to realize that every historical instance of genocide began with acts of bias† [1]. We must not repeat history, but learn from it. Today in 2019 there is a huge discrimination problem at the US southern border. The US government is seperating children from their parents who are seeking refugee in America and are trying to get in. â€Å"Between October 1, 2017 and May 31, 2018, at least 2,700 children have been split from their parents† (The Trump Administration’S Separation Of Families At The Border, Explained). This shows that at least 45 children are being taken away from their parents each day. Most of the time they lie to the parents, saying they will be reunited with their children and then they get sent to jail, never seeing their children again. One border patrol officer made a joke and said: â€Å"We have an orchestra here† as children cried hysterically after being taken f rom their parents. This is a big problem because this is the prejudice that can become something bigger like the Holocaust. Another example of discrimination in current events is the Unite the Right Rally. The Unite the right Rally was a white supremacist rally that took place in Charlottesville, Virginia in August of 2017. The rally was not only racist and prejudice but also very anti semetic with people chanting things like, â€Å"Jew will not replace us† and â€Å"blood and soil† which is a phrase taken from Nazi ideology. Men stood outside the Congregation Beth Israel synagogue, while Jewish men were praying, holding semi-automatic rifles and spoke online about how the Synagogue should be destroyed. The rally only lasted a day, with one death too many, but caused a big impact on people. It may seem like a Holocaust would never happen again, especially from a rally or minor discrimination- but that’s how the Holocaust started itself. We need to learn from the Holocaust and stop thinking that we are better than others because of what color, religion, and race we are. People need to realize that everyone is human and deserves the respect that you would want. Things like discrimination, prejudice, and racism are all the starting causes of war and genocide. We need to make sure that our current events does not end up as a Holocaust because of Rallies and Discrimination at the US border. We need to learn from our past and accept people for who they are.